Methods and compositions for treating systemic mastocytosis

ABSTRACT

The invention provides methods and compositions for the prevention and treatment of advanced systemic mastocytosis such as systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD). In particular, the invention provides methods for the prevention and treatment of advanced systemic mastocytosis through administration of antibodies or agonists that bind to human Siglec-8 or compositions comprising said antibodies or agonists. The invention also provides articles of manufacture or kits comprising antibodies or agonists that bind to human Siglec-8 for the prevention and treatment of advanced systemic mastocytosis such as SM-AHNMD.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/245,218, filed Oct. 22, 2015, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirely.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readableform (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 701712000400SEQLIST.txt,date recorded: Oct. 7, 2016, size: 91 KB).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods for preventing or treating advancedsystemic mastocytosis by administration of antibodies or agonists thatbind to human Siglec-8 or compositions comprising said antibodies oragonists.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasmcharacterized by the accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in one ormore extracutaneous organs. The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO)classification recognizes 7 variants and 1 subvariant of systemicmastocytosis patients. These include cutaneous mastocytosis (CM),indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM), aggressive systemic mastocytosis(ASM), systemic mastocytosis with an associated clonal hematologicnon-mast cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD), mast cell leukemia (MCL), mastcell sarcoma, and extracutaneous mastocytoma, plus a subvariant of ISMtermed smoldering systemic mastocytosis (SSM). The major diagnosticcriterion in systemic mastocytosis is the presence of multifocalclusters of morphologically abnormal mast cells in the bone marrow inassociation. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptaselevel, abnormal mast cell expression of CD25 and/or CD2, and presence ofKIT^(D816V) mutation. Advanced systemic mastocytosis is characterized byorgan damage due to infiltration of mast cells. See Valent et al., Eur.J. Clin Invest., 2007, 37:435-453 and Valent et al., Allergy, 2014,69:1267-1274.

In all forms of systemic mastocytosis, anti-mediator drugs are used tocontrol symptoms of mast cell degranulation. In advanced forms ofsystemic mastocytosis, organ damage is common and patients exhibitreduced life expectancy. In these individuals, cytoreductive agents suchas cladribine and interferon-alpha have been used off-label, andinhibitors of KIT D816V are under investigation. A significant unmetneed exists for these patients.

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) aresingle-pass transmembrane cell surface proteins found predominantly onleukocytes and are characterized by their specificity for sialic acidsattached to cell-surface glycoconjugates. The Siglec family contains atleast 15 members that are found in mammals (Pillai et al., Annu RevImmunol., 30:357-392, 2012). These members include sialoadhesion(Siglec-1). CD22 (Siglec-2), CD33 (Siglec-3), myelin associatedglycoprotein (Siglec-4). Siglec-5, OBBP1 (Siglec-6), AIRM1 (Siglec-7),SAF-2 (Siglec-8), and CD329 (Siglec-9). Siglec-8 was first discovered aspart of efforts to identify novel human eosinophil proteins. In additionto expression by eosinophils, it is also expressed by mast cells andbasophils. Siglec-8 recognizes a sulfated glycan, i.e., 6′-sulfo-sialylLewis X or 6′-sulfo-sialyl-N-acetyl-S-lactosamine, and contains anintracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)domain shown to inhibit mast cell function. Anti-Siglec-8 antibodies donot directly affect mast cell viability but antibodies with effectorfunction can induce antibody cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). However.Natural Killer (NK) cells, an important mediator of ADCC activity, havebeen reported to be defective in some patients with SM-AHNMD, such aspatients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and patients withmyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). See Marcondes et al. PNAS, 2008,105:2865-2870 and Kiladjian et al., Leukemia, 2006, 20:463-470. Inaddition, defective cytotoxicity and reduced receptor expression hasbeen observed in tumor-associated and peripheral blood NK cells ofcancer patients. See Pahl et al., Immunobiology, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.012. Therefore, it is unclear if systemicmastocytosis patients have an intact ADCC function that can be inducedto kill mast cells.

All references cited herein, including patent applications, patentpublications, and scientific literature, are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety, as if each individual reference werespecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are methods of using antibodies or agonists that bind tohuman Siglec-8, or compositions comprising thereof, for the preventionor treatment of advanced systemic mastocytosis. Advanced systemicmastocytosis include, but are not limited to, aggressive systemicmastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), and systemic mastocytosiswith an associated hematologic non-mast-cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD).In some embodiments, the SM-AHNMD is selected from the group consistingof: SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS), SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm(SM-MPN). SM-chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML). SM-chroniceosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML).

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingadvanced systemic mastocytosis in an individual comprising administeringto the individual an effective amount of an antibody or an agonist thatbinds to human Siglec-8. In some embodiments herein, the advancedsystemic mastocytosis is selected from the group consisting of:aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), andsystemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-celllineage disease (SM-AHNMD). In a further embodiment, the SM-AHNMD isselected from the group consisting of: SM-myelodysplastic syndrome(SM-MDS). SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML), SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia(SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). In some embodimentsherein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is associated witheosinophilia. In some embodiments herein, the advanced systemicmastocytosis is not adequately controlled by cladribine, interferon-α, acorticosteroid, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments herein, the individual has a KIT D816V mutation. Insome embodiments herein, the antibody or agonist depletes or reduces atleast about 20% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sampleobtained from the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments herein,the antibody or agonist depletes or reduces at least about 30%, about40% or about 50% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sampleobtained from the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the antibody or agonist. In some further embodiments,the sample is a tissue sample or a biological sample. In a furtherembodiment, the biological fluid sample is a blood sample. In a furtherembodiment, the tissue sample is a bone marrow sample, a skin sample, aspleen sample, a lymph node sample, a liver sample or a gastrointestinaltract sample. In some of the embodiments herein, one or more symptom inthe individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis is reduced ascompared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody orthe agonist that binds to human Siglec-8. In some embodiments, one ormore pathologic parameter in the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis is reduced or improved as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody or the agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8. In some of the embodiments herein, the individual is diagnosedwith advanced systemic mastocytosis before administration of theantibody. In any of the embodiments herein, the individual can be ahuman. In any of the embodiments herein, the antibody can be in apharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In any of the embodiments herein,the agonist can be in a pharmaceutical composition comprising theagonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for depleting mast cellsexpressing Siglec-8 in an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosiscomprising administering to the individual an effective amount of anantibody or an agonist that binds to human Siglec-8, wherein theantibody or agonist kills mast cells expressing Siglec-8 by ADCCactivity. In some embodiments herein, the advanced systemic mastocytosisis selected from the group consisting of: aggressive systemicmastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), and systemic mastocytosiswith an associated hematologic non-mast-cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD).In a further embodiment, the SM-AHNMD is selected from the groupconsisting of: SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS),SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronic myelomonocyticleukemia (SM-CMML), SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL), andSM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). In some embodiments herein, theadvanced systemic mastocytosis is associated with eosinophilia. In someembodiments herein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is not adequatelycontrolled by cladribine, interferon-α, a corticosteroid, a tyrosinekinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. In some embodiments herein,the individual has a KIT D816V mutation. In some embodiments herein, theantibody or agonist depletes at least about 20% of the mast cellsexpressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individual as comparedto a baseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. Insome embodiments herein, the antibody or agonist depletes at least about30%, about 40% or about 50% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in asample obtained from the individual as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody or agonist. In some furtherembodiments, the sample is a tissue sample or a biological sample. In afurther embodiment, the biological fluid sample is a blood sample. In afurther embodiment, the tissue sample is a bone marrow sample, a skinsample, a spleen sample, a lymph node sample, a liver sample or agastrointestinal tract sample. In some of the embodiments herein, one ormore symptom in the individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis isreduced as compared to a baseline level before administration of theantibody or the agonist that binds to human Siglec-8. In someembodiments, one or more pathologic parameter in the individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis is reduced or improved as compared to abaseline level before administration of the antibody or the agonist thatbinds to human Siglec-8. In some of the embodiments herein, theindividual is diagnosed with advanced systemic mastocytosis beforeadministration of the antibody. In any of the embodiments herein, theindividual can be a human. In any of the embodiments herein, theantibody can be in a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibodyand a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In any of the embodimentsherein, the agonist can be in a pharmaceutical composition comprisingthe agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising anantibody or an agonist that binds to human Siglec-8 for use in treatingor preventing advanced systemic mastocytosis in an individual. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises a Fc region and N-glycoside-linkedcarbohydrate chains linked to the Fc region, wherein less than 50% ofthe N-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains contain a fucose residue. Ina further embodiment, substantially none of the N-glycoside-linkedcarbohydrate chains contain a fucose residue. In some embodimentsherein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is selected from the groupconsisting of: aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cellleukemia (MCL), and systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologicnon-mast-cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD). In a further embodiment, theSM-AHNMD is selected from the group consisting of: SM-myelodysplasticsyndrome (SM-MDS). SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML). SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia(SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). In some embodimentsherein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is associated witheosinophilia. In some embodiments herein, the advanced systemicmastocytosis is not adequately controlled by cladribine, interferon-α, acorticosteroid, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments herein, the individual has a KIT D816V mutation. Insome embodiments herein, the antibody or agonist depletes or reduces atleast about 20% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sampleobtained from the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments herein,the antibody or agonist depletes or reduces at least about 30%, about40% or about 50% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sampleobtained from the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the antibody or agonist. In some further embodiments,the sample is a tissue sample or a biological sample. In a furtherembodiment, the biological fluid sample is a blood sample. In a furtherembodiment, the tissue sample is a bone marrow sample, a skin sample, aspleen sample, a lymph node sample, a liver sample or a gastrointestinaltract sample. In some of the embodiments herein, one or more symptom inthe individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis is reduced ascompared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody orthe agonist that binds to human Siglec-8. In some embodiments, one ormore pathologic parameter in the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis is reduced or improved as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody or the agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8. In some of the embodiments herein, the individual is diagnosedwith advanced systemic mastocytosis before administration of theantibody. In any of the embodiments herein, the individual can be ahuman. In any of the embodiments herein, the composition can furthercomprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising anantibody or an agonist that binds to human Siglec-8 for use in depletingmast cells expressing Siglec-8 in an individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis, wherein the antibody or agonist kills mast cellsexpressing Siglec-8 by ADCC activity. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises a Fc region and N-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains linkedto the Fc region, wherein less than 50% of the N-glycoside-linkedcarbohydrate chains contain a fucose residue. In a further embodiment,substantially none of the N-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains containa fucose residue. In some embodiments herein, the advanced systemicmastocytosis is selected from the group consisting of: aggressivesystemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), and systemicmastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-cell lineagedisease (SM-AHNMD). In a further embodiment, the SM-AHNMD is selectedfrom the group consisting of: SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS).SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronic myelomonocyticleukemia (SM-CMML), SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL), andSM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). In some embodiments herein, theadvanced systemic mastocytosis is associated with eosinophilia. In someembodiments herein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is not adequatelycontrolled by cladribine, interferon-α, a corticosteroid, a tyrosinekinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. In some embodiments herein,the individual has a KIT D816V mutation. In some embodiments herein, theantibody or agonist depletes at least about 20% of the mast cellsexpressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individual as comparedto a baseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. Insome embodiments herein, the antibody or agonist depletes or reduces atleast about 30%, about 40% or about 50% of the mast cells expressingSiglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individual as compared to abaseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. In somefurther embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample or a biologicalsample. In a further embodiment, the biological fluid sample is a bloodsample. In a further embodiment, the tissue sample is a bone marrowsample, a skin sample, a spleen sample, a lymph node sample, a liversample or a gastrointestinal tract sample. In some of the embodimentsherein, one or more symptom in the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis is reduced as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the antibody or the agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8. In some embodiments, one or more pathologic parameter in theindividual with advanced systemic mastocytosis is reduced or improved ascompared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody orthe agonist that binds to human Siglec-8. In some of the embodimentsherein, the individual is diagnosed with advanced systemic mastocytosisbefore administration of the antibody. In any of the embodiments herein,the individual can be a human. In any of the embodiments herein, thecomposition can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some aspects, also provided herein is an article of manufacture orkit comprising a medicament comprising an antibody or an agonist thatbinds to human Siglec-8 and a package insert comprising instructions foradministration of the medicament in an individual in need thereof totreat or prevent advanced systemic mastocytosis. In some embodimentsherein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is selected from the groupconsisting of: aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cellleukemia (MCL), and systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologicnon-mast-cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD). In a further embodiment, theSM-AHNMD is selected from the group consisting of: SM-myelodysplasticsyndrome (SM-MDS), SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML), SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia(SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). In some embodimentsherein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is associated witheosinophilia. In some embodiments herein, the advanced systemicmastocytosis is not adequately controlled by cladribine, interferon-α, acorticosteroid, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments herein, the individual has a KIT D816V mutation. Insome embodiments herein, the package insert further indicates that thetreatment is effective in depleting or reduces at least about 20% of themast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individualas compared to a baseline level before administration of the medicamentcomprising the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments herein, thepackage insert further indicates that the treatment is effective indepleting or reduces at least about 30%, about 40% or about 50% of themast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individualas compared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody oragonist. In some further embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample or abiological sample. In a further embodiment, the biological fluid sampleis a blood sample. In a further embodiment, the tissue sample is a bonemarrow sample, a skin sample, a spleen sample, a lymph node sample, aliver sample or a gastrointestinal tract sample. In some of theembodiments herein, the package insert further indicates that thetreatment is effective in reducing or improving one or more symptom inthe individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis as compared to abaseline level before administration of the medicament comprising theantibody or the agonist. In some embodiments, the package insert furtherindicates that the treatment is effective in reducing or improving oneor more pathologic parameter in the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis as compared to a baseline level before administration ofthe medicament comprising the antibody or the agonist. In someembodiments herein, the article of manufacture or kit further comprisesone or more additional medicament, and wherein the package insertfurther comprises instructions for simultaneous or sequentialadministration of the one or more additional medicament in combinationwith the medicament comprising the antibody or agonist that binds toSiglec-8. In some embodiments, the one or more additional medicamentcomprises a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: acytotoxic agent, a cytokine, a growth inhibitory agent, a protein kinaseinhibitor, a corticosteroid, an antibody, or an anti-cancer agent. Insome of the embodiments herein, the individual is diagnosed withadvanced systemic mastocytosis before administration of the antibody. Inany of the embodiments herein, the individual can be a human. In any ofthe embodiments herein, the antibody can be in a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. In any of the embodiments herein, the agonist can be in apharmaceutical composition comprising the agonist and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In some aspects, also provided herein is an article of manufacture orkit comprising a medicament comprising an antibody or an agonist thatbinds to human Siglec-8 and a package insert comprising instructions foradministration of the medicament in an individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis to deplete mast cells, wherein the antibody or agonistkills mast cells expressing Siglec-8 by ADCC activity. In someembodiments herein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is selected fromthe group consisting of: aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mastcell leukemia (MCL), and systemic mastocytosis with an associatedhematologic non-mast-cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD). In a furtherembodiment, the SM-AHNMD is selected from the group consisting of:SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS), SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm(SM-MPN). SM-chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML). SM-chroniceosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML).In some embodiments herein, the advanced systemic mastocytosis isassociated with eosinophilia. In some embodiments herein, the advancedsystemic mastocytosis is not adequately controlled by cladribine,interferon-α, a corticosteroid, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or acombination thereof. In some embodiments herein, the individual has aKIT D816V mutation. In some embodiments herein, the package insertfurther indicates that the treatment is effective in depleting at leastabout 20% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtainedfrom the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the medicament comprising the antibody or agonist. Insome embodiments herein, the package insert further indicates that thetreatment is effective in depleting at least about 30%, about 40% orabout 50% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtainedfrom the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the medicament comprising the antibody or agonist. Insome further embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample or a biologicalsample. In a further embodiment, the biological fluid sample is a bloodsample. In a further embodiment, the tissue sample is a bone marrowsample, a skin sample, a spleen sample, a lymph node sample, a liversample or a gastrointestinal tract sample. In some of the embodimentsherein, the package insert further indicates that the treatment iseffective in reducing or improving one or more symptom in the individualwith advanced systemic mastocytosis as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the medicament comprising the antibody or theagonist. In some embodiments, the package insert further indicates thatthe treatment is effective in reducing or improving one or morepathologic parameter in the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis as compared to a baseline level before administration ofthe medicament comprising the antibody or the agonist. In someembodiments herein, the article of manufacture or kit further comprisesone or more additional medicament, and wherein the package insertfurther comprises instructions for simultaneous or sequentialadministration of the one or more additional medicament in combinationwith the medicament comprising the antibody or agonist that binds toSiglec-8. In some embodiments, the one or more additional medicamentcomprises a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: acytotoxic agent, a cytokine, a growth inhibitory agent, a protein kinaseinhibitor, a corticosteroid, an antibody, or an anti-cancer agent. Insome of the embodiments herein, the individual is diagnosed withadvanced systemic mastocytosis before administration of the antibody. Inany of the embodiments herein, the individual can be a human. In any ofthe embodiments herein, the antibody can be in a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. In any of the embodiments herein, the agonist can be in apharmaceutical composition comprising the agonist and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In other aspects, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingadvanced systemic mastocytosis in an individual comprising administeringto the individual an effective amount of an agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8. In some embodiments herein, the agonist is a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist selected from the group consistingof: a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing ligand, a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containingoligosaccharide, a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing polypeptide, and a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing glycoprotein. In some embodiments, theagonist is an agonist antibody that binds to human Siglec-8.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method for depleting orreducing mast cells in an individual with advanced mastocytosiscomprising administering to the individual an effective amount of anagonist that binds to human Siglec-8. In some embodiments herein, theagonist is a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist selected from the groupconsisting of: a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing ligand, a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing oligosaccharide, a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing polypeptide, and a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing glycoprotein. In some embodiments, theagonist is an agonist antibody that binds to human Siglec-8.

In any of the embodiments of the methods and compositions for usetherein, the antibody can be a monoclonal antibody. In any of theembodiments of the methods and compositions for use therein, theantibody can be an IgG1 antibody. In any of the embodiments of themethods and compositions for use therein, the antibody can be engineeredto improve antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)activity. In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises at least oneamino acid substitution in the Fc region that improves ADCC activity. Inany of the embodiments of the methods and compositions for use therein,one or two of the heavy chains of the antibody can be non-fucosylated.In any of the embodiments of the methods and compositions for usetherein, the antibody can be a human antibody, a humanized antibody or achimeric antibody. In some of the embodiments of the methods andcompositions for use herein, the antibody is an antibody fragmentselected from the group consisting of Fab. Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and(Fab′)₂ fragments. In some of the embodiments of the methods andcompositions for use herein, the antibody comprises an antibody fragmentselected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv. and(Fab′)₂ fragments. In any of the embodiments of the methods andcompositions for use herein, the antibody can be administered incombination with one or more additional therapeutic agent selected fromthe group consisting of: a cytotoxic agent, a cytokine, a growthinhibitory agent, a protein kinase inhibitor, a corticosteroid, anantibody, or an anti-cancer agent. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variableregion, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61. (ii) HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, and (iii) HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63; and/or wherein thelight chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-L1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:65, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:66. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises aheavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:6; and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:16 or 21. In some embodiments, theantibody comprises a heavy chain Fc region comprising a human IgG Fcregion. In a further embodiment, the human IgG Fc region comprises ahuman IgG1 or a human IgG4. In a further embodiment, the human IgG4comprises the amino acid substitution S228P. and wherein the amino acidresidues are numbered according to the EU index as in Kabat. In someembodiments, the human IgG1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:78. In some embodiments, the human IgG4 comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:79. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises aheavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:75; and/or alight chain comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NOs:76 or 77. Insome embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable regionand a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variableregion comprises (i) HVR-H1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:61. (ii) HVR-H2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62,and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:67-70; and/or wherein the light chain variable region comprises (i)HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64, (ii) HVR-L2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, and (iii) HVR-L3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:71. In some embodiments,the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising theamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:11-14; and/or a light chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:23-24. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:2-14; and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:16-24. In some embodiments, theantibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:2-10; and/or a light chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:16-22. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises: (a) heavy chainvariable region comprising: (1) an HC-FR1 comprising the amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:26-29; (2) an HVR-H1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61; (3) an HC-FR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:31-36; (4) an HVR-H2 comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62; (5) an HC-FR3 comprising theamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:38-43; (6) an HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63; and (7) an HC-FR4comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:45-46,and/or (b) a light chain variable region comprising: (1) an LC-FR1comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:48-49; (2)an HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64; (3) anLC-FR2 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:51-53; (4) an HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:65; (5) an LC-FR3 comprising the amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs:55-58; (6) an HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:66; and (7) an LC-FR4 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:60. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises: (a) heavychain variable region comprising: (1) an HC-FR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26; (2) an HVR-H1 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:61; (3) an HC-FR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:34; (4) an HVR-H2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:62; (5) an HC-FR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:38; (6) an HVR-H3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:63; and (7) an HC-FR4 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NOs:45; and/or (b) a light chain variable regioncomprising: (1) an LC-FR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:48; (2) an HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64;(3) an LC-FR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51; (4) anHVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65; (5) an LC-FR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55; (6) an HVR-L3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66; and (7) an LC-FR4comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:60. In some embodiments,the antibody comprises: (a) heavy chain variable region comprising: (1)an HC-FR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26; (2) anHVR-H1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61; (3) an HC-FR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34; (4) an HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62; (5) an HC-FR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:38; (6) an HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63; and (7) an HC-FR4comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:45; and/or (b) a lightchain variable region comprising: (1) an LC-FR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:48; (2) an HVR-L1 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:64; (3) an LC-FR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:51; (4) an HVR-L2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:65; (5) an LC-FR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:58; (6) an HVR-L3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:66; and (7) an LC-FR4 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:60. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises aheavy chain variable region comprising (i) HVR-H1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:88. (ii) HVR-H2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:91, and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:94; and/or a light chain variable regioncomprising (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:97, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:100,and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:103. Insome embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable regioncomprising (i) HVR-H1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:89, (ii) HVR-H2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:92,and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:95;and/or a light chain variable region comprising (i) HVR-L1 comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. (ii) HVR-L2 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:104. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises a heavy chain variable region comprising (i) HVR-H1 comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:90, (ii) HVR-H2 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:93, and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:96; and/or a light chain variableregion comprising (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:99. (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:102, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:105. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:106;and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:109. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavychain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:107; and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:110. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises aheavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:108; and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:111.

It is to be understood that one, some, or all of the properties of thevarious embodiments described herein may be combined to form otherembodiments of the present invention. These and other aspects of theinvention will become apparent to one of skill in the art. These andother embodiments of the invention are further described by the detaileddescription that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-E is a series of histograms showing Siglec-8 expression on thesurface of mast cells in bone marrow of systemic mastocytosis patientsincluding aberrant mast cells expressing CD25. Bone marrow aspiratesfrom mastocytosis patients were incubated with fluorochrome labeledantibodies targeting CD117. IgE receptor (IgER), Siglec-8, or CD25.Percentage of CD117+IgER+ mast cells are shown for each patient, FIG.1A) JG01 (left panel), FIG. 1B) JG02 (left panel), FIG. 1C) JG03 (leftpanel), FIG. 1D) JG04 (left panel), and FIG. 1E) JG05 (left panel). FIG.1A-E) Siglec-8 expression (middle panel for each patient) or FIG. 1A-E)CD25 expression (right panel for each patient) on the defined mast cellpopulation are shown compared to isotype-matched control antibodies.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing Siglec-8 expression on mast cells isolatedfrom bone marrow of systemic mastocytosis patients. The level ofSiglec-8 on human mast cells (MCs) was determined by flow cytometryusing an antibody specific for Siglec-8 (R&D Systems, Clone: 837535) andexpressed as the change in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) comparedwith the MFI obtained with an isotype control antibody. Primary humanMCs were isolated from human skin samples or bone marrow aspirates ofmastocytosis patients (JG01, JG02). Differentiated MCs were generatedfrom CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells by in vitro culture for more than 6weeks in presence of cytokines SCF, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-9

FIG. 3A-B is a series of histograms showing binding of non-fucosylatedhumanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody to NK Cells from bone marrow or PBL ofsystemic mastocytosis patients. PBL or bone marrow aspirates frommastocytosis patients were incubated with fluorochrome-labelednon-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody 2) orisotype-matched antibody (Isotype) at 1 mg/mL and fluorochrome-labeledantibodies against CD16 and CD56. Binding of non-fucosylated humanizedanti-Siglec-8 antibody to CD16⁺CD56⁺SSC^(low) NK cells in samples fromFIG. 3A) patient JG01, FIG. 3B) patient JG03, FIG. 3C) patient JG04,FIG. 3D) patient JG05, and FIG. 3E) patient JG06 is shown as compared toisotype-matched control antibodies.

FIG. 4A-C is a series of graphs showing peripheral blood leukocytes(PBL) from systemic mastocytosis patients can mediate non-fucosylatedhumanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody-induced ADCC activity against Siglec-8positive target cells. FIG. 4A) PBLs from five systemic mastocytosispatients (JG03, JG04, JG05, JG06, and JG07) were incubated for 48 hourswith 1 μg/mL non-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody2), or isotype control antibody (isotype) at the indicatedconcentrations in the presence of the Ramos 2C10 target cell line at anEffector:Target cell ratio of 10:1. After incubation, residualCD20⁺FSC^(hi)/SSC^(mid) Ramos 2C10 target cells were quantified by flowcytometry and the percentage remaining were compared to samplesincubated with isotype control antibodies. Mean t SD of two biologicalreplicates are shown. Comparisons with p<0.05 are indicated with anasterisk (*). PBLs from FIG. 4B) patient JG03 and FIG. 4C) patient JG04were incubated with increasing amounts of non-fucosylated humanizedanti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody 2), or isotype control antibody(isotype) in the presence of the Ramos 2C10 target cell line at anEffector-Target cell ratio of 10:1. After incubation, residualCD20⁺FSC^(hi)/SSC^(mid) Ramos 2C10 target cells were quantified by flowcytometry and the percentage remaining were compared to samplesincubated with isotype control antibodies. Mean t SD of two biologicalreplicates are shown. Comparisons with p<0.05 are indicated with anasterisk (*).

FIG. 5A-B is a series of graphs showing non-fucosylated humanizedanti-Siglec-8 antibody induced ADCC activity against systemicmastocytosis bone marrow mast cells with non-autologous and autologousNK cells. Enriched mast cells were treated with either isotype-matched(isotype) or non-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody2) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. FIG. 5A) Purified CD16+NK cells from ahealthy donor (non-autologous NK cells) were added to enriched mastcells from patient JG01 at an Effector:Target cell ratio of 10:1. FIG.5B) Purified CD16+NK cells from patient JG07 (autologous NK cells) wereadded to enriched mast cells from patient JG07 at an Effector:Targetcell ratio of 10:1. Percentage of CD117⁺IgER⁺ mast cells remaining after48 hours of incubation was compared to isotype control treated groups.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

Before describing the invention in detail, it is to be understood thatthis invention is not limited to particular compositions or biologicalsystems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood thatthe terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used in thisspecification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”. “an” and“the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a molecule” optionallyincludes a combination of two or more such molecules, and the like.

The term “about” as used herein refers to the usual error range for therespective value readily known to the skilled person in this technicalfield. Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (anddescribes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter perse.

It is understood that aspects and embodiments of the invention describedherein include “comprising,” “consisting,” and “consisting essentiallyof” aspects and embodiments.

The term “antibody” includes polyclonal antibodies, monoclonalantibodies (including full length antibodies which have animmunoglobulin Fc region), antibody compositions with polyepitopicspecificity, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies,diabodies, and single-chain molecules, as well as antibody fragments(e.g., Fab. F(ab′)₂, and Fv). The term “immunoglobulin” (Ig) is usedinterchangeably with “antibody” herein.

The basic 4-chain antibody unit is a heterotetrameric glycoproteincomposed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H)chains. An IgM antibody consists of 5 of the basic heterotetramer unitsalong with an additional polypeptide called a J chain, and contains 10antigen binding sites, while IgA antibodies comprise from 2-5 of thebasic 4-chain units which can polymerize to form polyvalent assemblagesin combination with the J chain. In the case of IgGs, the 4-chain unitis generally about 150,000 daltons. Each L chain is linked to an H chainby one covalent disulfide bond, while the two H chains are linked toeach other by one or more disulfide bonds depending on the H chainisotype. Each H and L chain also has regularly spaced intrachaindisulfide bridges. Each H chain has at the N-terminus, a variable domain(V_(H)) followed by three constant domains (C_(H)) for each of the α andγ chains and four C_(H) domains for μ and ε isotypes. Each L chain hasat the N-terminus, a variable domain (V_(L)) followed by a constantdomain at its other end. The V_(L) is aligned with the V_(H) and theC_(L) is aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain(C_(H)1). Particular amino acid residues are believed to form aninterface between the light chain and heavy chain variable domains. Thepairing of a V_(H) and V_(L) together forms a single antigen-bindingsite. For the structure and properties of the different classes ofantibodies, see e.g., Basic and Clinical Immunology, 8th Edition, DanielP. Sties, Abba I. Terr and Tristram G. Parsolw (eds). Appleton & Lange.Norwalk. CT, 1994, page 71 and Chapter 6.

The L chain from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of twoclearly distinct types, called kappa and lambda, based on the amino acidsequences of their constant domains. Depending on the amino acidsequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains (CH),immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes or isotypes. Thereare five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE. IgG and IgM, havingheavy chains designated α, δ, ε, γ and μ, respectively. The γ and αclasses are further divided into subclasses on the basis of relativelyminor differences in the CH sequence and function. e.g., humans expressthe following subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2. IgG1antibodies can exist in multiple polymorphic variants termed allotypes(reviewed in Jefferis and Lefranc 2009, mAbs Vol 1 Issue 4 1-7) any ofwhich are suitable for use in the invention. Common allotypic variantsin human populations are those designated by the letters a, f, n, z.

An “isolated” antibody is one that has been identified, separated and/orrecovered from a component of its production environment (e.g.,naturally or recombinantly). In some embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide is free of association with all other components from itsproduction environment. Contaminant components of its productionenvironment, such as that resulting from recombinant transfected cells,are materials that would typically interfere with research, diagnosticor therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones,and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. In someembodiments, the polypeptide is purified: (1) to greater than 95% byweight of antibody as determined by, for example, the Lowry method, andin some embodiments, to greater than 99% by weight; (1) to a degreesufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internalamino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) tohomogeneity by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing or reducing conditions usingCoomassie blue or silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibodyin situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of theantibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however,an isolated polypeptide or antibody is prepared by at least onepurification step.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibodyobtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies.i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identicalexcept for possible naturally occurring mutations and/orpost-translation modifications (e.g., isomerizations, amidations) thatmay be present in minor amounts. In some embodiments, monoclonalantibodies have a C-terminal cleavage at the heavy chain and/or lightchain. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid residues are cleaved atthe C-terminus of heavy chain and/or light chain. In some embodiments,the C-terminal cleavage removes a C-terminal lysine from the heavychain. In some embodiments, monoclonal antibodies have an N-terminalcleavage at the heavy chain and/or light chain. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4,or 5 amino acid residues are cleaved at the N-terminus of heavy chainand/or light chain. In some embodiments, monoclonal antibodies arehighly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. In someembodiments, monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directedagainst multiple antigenic sites (such as a bispecific antibody or amultispecific antibody). The modifier “monoclonal” indicates thecharacter of the antibody as being obtained from a substantiallyhomogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed asrequiring production of the antibody by any particular method. Forexample, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with thepresent invention may be made by a variety of techniques, including, forexample, the hybridoma method, recombinant DNA methods, phage-displaytechnologies, and technologies for producing human or human-likeantibodies in animals that have parts or all of the human immunoglobulinloci or genes encoding human immunoglobulin sequences.

The term “naked antibody” refers to an antibody that is not conjugatedto a cytotoxic moiety or radiolabel.

The terms “full-length antibody,” “intact antibody” or “whole antibody”are used interchangeably to refer to an antibody in its substantiallyintact form, as opposed to an antibody fragment. Specifically wholeantibodies include those with heavy and light chains including an Fcregion. The constant domains may be native sequence constant domains(e.g., human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequencevariants thereof. In some cases, the intact antibody may have one ormore effector functions.

An “antibody fragment” comprises a portion of an intact antibody, theantigen binding and/or the variable region of the intact antibody.Examples of antibody fragments include Fab. Fab′, F(ab′)₂ and Fvfragments; diabodies; linear antibodies (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870,Example 2; Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10): 1057-1062 [1995]);single-chain antibody molecules and multispecific antibodies formed fromantibody fragments.

Papain digestion of antibodies produced two identical antigen-bindingfragments, called “Fab” fragments, and a residual “Fc” fragment, adesignation reflecting the ability to crystallize readily. The Fabfragment consists of an entire L chain along with the variable regiondomain of the H chain (V_(H)), and the first constant domain of oneheavy chain (C_(H)1). Each Fab fragment is monovalent with respect toantigen binding. i.e., it has a single antigen-binding site. Pepsintreatment of an antibody yields a single large F(ab′)₂ fragment whichroughly corresponds to two disulfide linked Fab fragments havingdifferent antigen-binding activity and is still capable of cross-linkingantigen. Fab′ fragments differ from Fab fragments by having a fewadditional residues at the carboxy terminus of the C_(H)1 domainincluding one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region. Fab′-SHis the designation herein for Fab′ in which the cysteine residue(s) ofthe constant domains bear a free thiol group. F(ab′)₂ antibody fragmentsoriginally were produced as pairs of Fab′ fragments which have hingecysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragmentsare also known.

The Fc fragment comprises the carboxy-terminal portions of both H chainsheld together by disulfides. The effector functions of antibodies aredetermined by sequences in the Fc region, the region which is alsorecognized by Fc receptors (FcR) found on certain types of cells.

“Fv” is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a completeantigen-recognition and -binding site. This fragment consists of a dimerof one heavy- and one light-chain variable region domain in tight,non-covalent association. From the folding of these two domains emanatesix hypervariable loops (3 loops each from the H and L chain) thatcontribute the amino acid residues for antigen binding and conferantigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a singlevariable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three HVRs specificfor an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, althoughat a lower affinity than the entire binding site.

“Single-chain Fv” also abbreviated as “sFv” or “scFv” are antibodyfragments that comprise the VH and VL antibody domains connected into asingle polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, the sFv polypeptidefurther comprises a polypeptide linker between the V_(H) and V_(L),domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigenbinding. For a review of the sFv, see Pluckthun in The Pharmacology ofMonoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds.,Springer-Verlag. New York, pp. 269-315 (1994).

“Functional fragments” of the antibodies of the invention comprise aportion of an intact antibody, generally including the antigen bindingor variable region of the intact antibody or the Fv region of anantibody which retains or has modified FcR binding capability. Examplesof antibody fragments include linear antibody, single-chain antibodymolecules and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric”antibodies (immunoglobulins) in which a portion of the heavy and/orlight chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequencesin antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to aparticular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of thechain(s) is (are) identical with or homologous to correspondingsequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging toanother antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of suchantibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity(U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.81:6851-6855 (1984)). Chimeric antibodies of interest herein includePRIMATIZED® antibodies wherein the antigen-binding region of theantibody is derived from an antibody produced by, e.g., immunizingmacaque monkeys with an antigen of interest. As used herein, “humanizedantibody” is used as a subset of “chimeric antibodies.”

“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimericantibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-humanimmunoglobulin. In one embodiment, a humanized antibody is a humanimmunoglobulin (recipient antibody) in which residues from an HVR of therecipient are replaced by residues from an HVR of a non-human species(donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or non-human primate havingthe desired specificity, affinity, and/or capacity. In some instances.FR residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by correspondingnon-human residues. Furthermore, humanized antibodies may compriseresidues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donorantibody. These modifications may be made to further refine antibodyperformance, such as binding affinity. In general, a humanized antibodywill comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two,variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariableloops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin sequence, andall or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a humanimmunoglobulin sequence, although the FR regions may include one or moreindividual FR residue substitutions that improve antibody performance,such as binding affinity, isomerization, immunogenicity, etc. In someembodiments, the number of these amino acid substitutions in the FR areno more than 6 in the H chain, and in the L chain, no more than 3. Thehumanized antibody optionally will also comprise at least a portion ofan immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a humanimmunoglobulin. For further details, see, e.g., Jones et al., Nature321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988); andPresta. Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992). See also, for example.Vaswani and Hamilton. Ann. Allergy, Asthma & Immunol. 1:105-115 (1998);Harris, Biochem. Soc. Transactions 23:1035-1038 (1995); Hurle and Gross.Curr. Op. Biotech. 5:428-433 (1994); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,982,321 and7,087,409. In some embodiments, humanized antibodies are directedagainst a single antigenic site. In some embodiments, humanizedantibodies are directed against multiple antigenic sites. An alternativehumanization method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,981,843 and U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0134098.

The “variable region” or “variable domain” of an antibody refers to theamino-terminal domains of the heavy or light chain of the antibody. Thevariable domains of the heavy chain and light chain may be referred toas “VH” and “VL”, respectively. These domains are generally the mostvariable parts of the antibody (relative to other antibodies of the sameclass) and contain the antigen binding sites.

The term “hypervariable region,” “HVR,” or “HV,” when used herein refersto the regions of an antibody-variable domain that are hypervariable insequence and/or form structurally defined loops. Generally, antibodiescomprise six HVRs; three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL(L1, L2, L3). In native antibodies, H3 and L3 display the most diversityof the six HVRs, and H3 in particular is believed to play a unique rolein conferring fine specificity to antibodies. See. e.g., Xu et al.Immunity 13:37-45 (2000); Johnson and Wu in Methods in Molecular Biology248:1-25 (Lo, ed., Human Press. Totowa. NJ, 2003)). Indeed, naturallyoccurring camelid antibodies consisting of a heavy chain only arefunctional and stable in the absence of light chain. See, e.g.,Hamers-Casterman et al., Nature 363:446-448 (1993) and Sheriff et al.,Nature Struct. Biol. 3:733-736 (1996).

A number of HVR delineations are in use and are encompassed herein. TheHVRs that are Kabat complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are basedon sequence variability and are the most commonly used (Kabat et al.,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5^(th) Ed. PublicHealth Service. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991)).Chothia HVRs refer instead to the location of the structural loops(Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)). The “contact” HVRsare based on an analysis of the available complex crystal structures.The residues from each of these HVRs are noted below.

Loop Kabat Chothia Contact L1 L24-L34 L26-L34 L30-L36 L2 L50-L56 L50-L56L46-L55 L3 L89-L97 L91-L96 L89-L96 H1   H31-H35B H26-H32   H30-H35B(Kabat Numbering) H1 H31-H35 H26-H32 H30-H35 (Chothia Numbering) H2H50-H65 H53-H56 H47-H58 H3  H95-H102  H95-H102  H93-H101

Unless otherwise indicated, the variable-domain residues (HVR residuesand framework region residues) are numbered according to Kabat et al.,supra.

“Framework” or “FR” residues are those variable-domain residues otherthan the HVR residues as herein defined.

The expression “variable-domain residue-numbering as in Kabat” or“amino-acid-position numbering as in Kabat,” and variations thereof,refers to the numbering system used for heavy-chain variable domains orlight-chain variable domains of the compilation of antibodies in Kabatet al., supra. Using this numbering system, the actual linear amino acidsequence may contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to ashortening of, or insertion into, a FR or HVR of the variable domain.For example, a heavy-chain variable domain may include a single aminoacid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of H2 andinserted residues (e.g. residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according toKabat) after heavy-chain FR residue 82. The Kabat numbering of residuesmay be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions ofhomology of the sequence of the antibody with a “standard” Kabatnumbered sequence.

An “acceptor human framework” for the purposes herein is a frameworkcomprising the amino acid sequence of a VL or VH framework derived froma human immunoglobulin framework or a human consensus framework. Anacceptor human framework “derived from” a human immunoglobulin frameworkor a human consensus framework may comprise the same amino acid sequencethereof, or it may contain pre-existing amino acid sequence changes. Insome embodiments, the number of pre-existing amino acid changes are 10or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 orless, 3 or less, or 2 or less.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a referencepolypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residuesin a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residuesin the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences andintroducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequenceidentity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part ofthe sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percentamino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that arewithin the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly availablecomputer software such as BLAST. BLAST-2. ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR)software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parametersfor aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achievemaximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.For example, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acidsequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which canalternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has orcomprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or againsta given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows:

100 times the fraction X/Y

where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matchesby the sequence in that program's alignment of A and B. and where Y isthe total number of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciatedthat where the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to thelength of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of Ato B will not equal the % amino acid sequence identity of B to A.

An antibody that “binds to”, “specifically binds to” or is “specificfor” a particular a polypeptide or an epitope on a particularpolypeptide is one that binds to that particular polypeptide or epitopeon a particular polypeptide without substantially binding to any otherpolypeptide or polypeptide epitope. In some embodiments, binding of ananti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., an antibody that binds tohuman Siglec-8) to an unrelated non-Siglec-8 polypeptide is less thanabout 10% of the antibody binding to Siglec-8 as measured by methodsknown in the art (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)). Insome embodiments, an antibody that binds to a Siglec-8 (e.g., anantibody that binds to human Siglec-8) has a dissociation constant (Kd)of ≤1 μM, ≤100 nM, ≤10 nM, ≤2 nM, ≤1 nM, ≤0.7 nM, ≤0.6 nM, ≤0.5 nM, ≤0.1nM, ≤0.01 nM, or ≤0.001 nM (e.g. 10⁻⁸ M or less, e.g. from 10⁻⁸ M to10⁻¹³ M, e.g., from 10⁻⁹ M to 10⁻¹³ M).

The term “anti-Siglec-8 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to humanSiglec-8” refers to an antibody that binds to a polypeptide or anepitope of human Siglec-8 without substantially binding to any otherpolypeptide or epitope of an unrelated non-Siglec-8 polypeptide.

The term “Siglec-8” as used herein refers to a human Siglec-8 protein.The term also includes naturally occurring variants of Siglec-8,including splice variants or allelic variants. The amino acid sequenceof an exemplary human Siglec-8 is shown in SEQ ID NO:72. The amino acidsequence of another exemplary human Siglec-8 is shown in SEQ ID NO:73.In some embodiments, a human Siglec-8 protein comprises the humanSiglec-8 extracellular domain fused to an immunoglobulin Fc region. Theamino acid sequence of an exemplary human Siglec-8 extracellular domainfused to an immunoglobulin Fc region is shown in SEQ ID NO:74. The aminoacid sequence underlined in SEQ ID NO:74 indicates the Fc region of theSiglec-8 Fc fusion protein amino acid sequence.

Human Siglec-8 Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 72)GYLLQVQELVTVQEGLCVHVPCSFSYPQDGWTDSDPVHGYWFRAGDRPYQDAPVATNNPDREVQAETQGRFQLLGDIWSNDCSLSIRDARKRDKGSYFFRLERGSMKWSYKSQLNYKTKQLSVFVTALTHRPDILILGTLESGHSRNLTCSVPWACKQGTPPMISWIGASVSSPGPTTARSSVLTLTPKPQDHGTSLTCQVTLPGTGVTTTSTVRLDVSYPPWNLTMTVFQGDATASTALGNGSSLSVLEGQSLRLVCAVNSNPPARLSWTRGSLTLCPSRSSNPGLLELPRVHVRDEGEFTCRAQNAQGSQHISLSLSLQNEGTGTSRPVSQVTLAAVGGAGATALAFLSFCIIFIIVRSCRKKSARPAAGVGDTGMEDAKAIRGSASQGPLTESWKDGNPLKKPPPAVAPSSGEEGELHYATLSFHKVKPQDPQGQEATDSEYSEIKIHKRETAETQACLRNHNPSSKEVR GHuman Siglec-8 Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 73)GYLLQVQELVTVQEGLCVHVPCSFSYPQDGWTDSDPVHGYWFRAGDRPYQDAPVATNNPDREVQAETQGRFQLLGDIWSNDCSLSIRDARKRDKGSYFFRLERGSMKWSYKSQLNYKTKQLSVFVTALTHRPDILILGTLESGHPRNLTCSVPWACKQGTPPMISWIGASVSSPGPTTARSSVLTLTPKPQDHGTSLTCQVTLPGTGVTTTSTVRLDVSYPPWNLTMTVFQGDATASTALGNGSSLSVLEGQSLRLVCAVNSNPPARLSWTRGSLTLCPSRSSNPGLLELPRVHVRDEGEFTCRAQNAQGSQHISLSLSLQNEGTGTSRPVSQVTLAAVGGAGATALAFLSFCIIFIIVRSCRKKSARPAAGVGDTGMEDAKAIRGSASQGPLTESWKDGNPLKKPPPAVAPSSGEEGELHYATLSFHKVKPQDPQGQEATDSEYSEIKIHKRETAETQACLRNHNPSSKEVR G Siglec-8 Fc Fusion Protein Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 74)GYLLQVQELVTVQEGLCVHVPCSFSYPQDGWTDSDPVHGYWFRAGDRPYQDAPVATNNPDREVQAETQGRFQLLGDIWSNDCSLSIRDARKRDKGSYFFRLERGSMKWSYKSQLNYKTKQLSVFVTALTHRPDILILGTLESGHSRNLTCSVPWACKQGTPPMISWIGASVSSPGPTTARSSVLTLTPKPQDHGTSLTCQVTLPGTGVTTTSTVRLDVSYPPWNLTMTVFQGDATASTALGNGSSLSVLEGQSLRLVCAVNSNPPARLSWTRGSLTLCPSRSSNPGLLELPRVHVRDEGEFTCRAQNAQGSQHISLSLSLQNEGTGTSRPVSQVTLAAVGGIEGRSDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK

Antibodies that “induce apoptosis” or are “apoptotic” are those thatinduce programmed cell death as determined by standard apoptosis assays,such as binding of annexin V, fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage,dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, cell fragmentation, and/or formationof membrane vesicles (called apoptotic bodies). For example, theapoptotic activity of the anti-Siglec-8 antibodies (e.g., an antibodythat binds to human Siglec-8) of the present invention can be showed bystaining cells with annexin V.

Antibody “effector functions” refer to those biological activitiesattributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acidsequence variant Fc region) of an antibody, and vary with the antibodyisotype. Examples of antibody effector functions include: C1q bindingand complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding;antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; downregulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptors); and Bcell activation.

“Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” or “ADCC” refers to aform of cytotoxicity in which secreted Ig bound onto Fc receptors (FcRs)present on certain cytotoxic cells (e.g., natural killer (NK) cells,neutrophils and macrophages) enable these cytotoxic effector cells tobind specifically to an antigen-bearing target cell and subsequentlykill the target cell with cytotoxins. The antibodies “arm” the cytotoxiccells and are required for killing of the target cell by this mechanism.The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express FcγRIII only,whereas monocytes express FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII. Fe expression onhematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch andKinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 457-92 (1991). In some embodiments, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody (e.g., an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8)described herein enhances ADCC. To assess ADCC activity of a molecule ofinterest, an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells forsuch assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) andnatural killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activityof the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo. e.g., in an animalmodel such as that disclosed in Clynes et al., PNAS USA 95:652-656(1998). Other Fc variants that alter ADCC activity and other antibodyproperties include those disclosed by Ghetie et al., Nat Biotech.15:637-40, 1997; Duncan et al, Nature 332:563-564, 1988; Lund et al., J.Immunol 147:2657-2662, 1991; Lund et al. Mol Immunol 29:53-59, 1992;Alegre et al, Transplantation 57:1537-1543, 1994; Hutchins et al., ProcNatl. Acad Sci USA 92:11980-11984, 1995; Jefferis et al. Immunol Lett.44:111-117, 1995; Lund et al., FASEB J9:115-119, 1995; Jefferis et al.Immunol Lett 54:101-104, 1996; Lund et al, J Immunol 157:4963-4969,1996; Armour et al., Eur J Immunol 29:2613-2624, 1999; Idusogie et al, JImmunol 164:4178-4184, 200; Reddy et al, J Immunol 164:1925-1933, 2000;Xu et al., Cell Immunol 200:16-26, 2000; Idusogie et al. J Immunol166:2571-2575, 2001; Shields et al., J Biol Chem 276:6591-6604, 2001;Jefferis et al, Immunol Lett 82:57-65, 2002; Presta et al., Biochem SocTrans 30:487-490, 2002; Lazar et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA103:4005-4010, 2006; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821; 5,885,573; 5,677,425;6,165,745; 6,277,375; 5,869,046; 6,121,022; 5,624,821; 5,648,260;6,194,551; 6,737,056; 6,821,505; 6,277,375; 7,335,742; and 7,317,091.

The term “Fc region” herein is used to define a C-terminal region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain, including native-sequence Fc regions andvariant Fc regions. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy-chain Fcregion is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue atposition Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus thereof.Suitable native-sequence Fc regions for use in the antibodies of theinvention include human IgG1. IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. A single amino acidsubstitution (S228P according to Kabat numbering; designated IgG4Pro)may be introduced to abolish the heterogeneity observed in recombinantIgG4 antibody. See Angal, S. et al. (1993) Mol Immunol 30, 105-108.

“Non-fucosylated” or “fucose-deficient” antibody refers to aglycosylation antibody variant comprising an Fc region wherein acarbohydrate structure attached to the Fc region has reduced fucose orlacks fucose. In some embodiments, an antibody with reduced fucose orlacking fucose has improved ADCC function. Non-fucosylated orfucose-deficient antibodies have reduced fucose relative to the amountof fucose on the same antibody produced in a cell line. In someembodiments, a non-fucosylated or fucose-deficient antibody compositioncontemplated herein is a composition wherein less than about 50% of theN-linked glycans attached to the Fc region of the antibodies in thecomposition comprise fucose.

The terms “fucosylation” or “fucosylated” refers to the presence offucose residues within the oligosaccharides attached to the peptidebackbone of an antibody. Specifically, a fucosylated antibody comprisesa (1.6)-linked fucose at the innermost N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)residue in one or both of the N-linked oligosaccharides attached to theantibody Fc region, e.g. at position Asn 297 of the human IgG1 Fe domain(EU numbering of Fc region residues). Asn297 may also be located about+3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297. i.e. betweenpositions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations inimmunoglobulins.

The “degree of fucosylation” is the percentage of fucosylatedoligosaccharides relative to all oligosaccharides identified by methodsknown in the art e.g., in an N-glycosidase F treated antibodycomposition assessed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). In a composition of a“fully fucosylated antibody” essentially all oligosaccharides comprisefucose residues, i.e. are fucosylated. In some embodiments, acomposition of a fully fucosylated antibody has a degree of fucosylationof at least about 90%. Accordingly, an individual antibody in such acomposition typically comprises fucose residues in each of the twoN-linked oligosaccharides in the Fc region. Conversely, in a compositionof a “fully non-fucosylated” antibody essentially none of theoligosaccharides are fucosylated, and an individual antibody in such acomposition does not contain fucose residues in either of the twoN-linked oligosaccharides in the Fc region. In some embodiments, acomposition of a fully non-fucosylated antibody has a degree offucosylation of less than about 10%. In a composition of a “partiallyfucosylated antibody” only part of the oligosaccharides comprise fucose.An individual antibody in such a composition can comprise fucoseresidues in none, one or both of the N-linked oligosaccharides in the Fcregion, provided that the composition does not comprise essentially allindividual antibodies that lack fucose residues in the N-linkedoligosaccharides in the Fc region, nor essentially all individualantibodies that contain fucose residues in both of the N-linkedoligosaccharides in the Fc region. In one embodiment, a composition of apartially fucosylated antibody has a degree of fucosylation of about 10%to about 80% (e.g., about 50% to about 80%, about 60% to about 80%, orabout 70% to about 80%).

“Binding affinity” as used herein refers to the strength of thenon-covalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule(e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). In someembodiments, the binding affinity of an antibody for a Siglec-8 (whichmay be a dimer, such as the Siglec-8-Fc fusion protein described herein)can generally be represented by a dissociation constant (Kd). Affinitycan be measured by common methods known in the art, including thosedescribed herein.

“Binding avidity” as used herein refers to the binding strength ofmultiple binding sites of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its bindingpartner (e.g., an antigen).

An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule encoding the antibodies herein is anucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least onecontaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associatedin the environment in which it was produced. In some embodiments, theisolated nucleic acid is free of association with all componentsassociated with the production environment. The isolated nucleic acidmolecules encoding the polypeptides and antibodies herein is in a formother than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature.Isolated nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from nucleicacid encoding the polypeptides and antibodies herein existing naturallyin cells.

The term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a preparation that is insuch form as to permit the biological activity of the active ingredientto be effective, and that contains no additional components that areunacceptably toxic to an individual to which the formulation would beadministered. Such formulations are sterile.

“Carriers” as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,excipients, or stabilizers that are nontoxic to the cell or mammal beingexposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often thephysiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution.Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such asphosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants includingascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues)polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, orimmunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone;amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine;monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates includingglucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugaralcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such assodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, polyethylene glycol(PEG), and PLURONICS™.

As used herein, the term “treatment” or “treating” refers to clinicalintervention designed to alter the natural course of the individual orcell being treated during the course of clinical pathology. Desirableeffects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease progression,ameliorating or palliating the disease state, and remission or improvedprognosis. An individual is successfully “treated”, for example, if oneor more symptoms associated with a disease (e.g., advanced systemicmastocytosis) are mitigated or eliminated. For example, an individual issuccessfully “treated” if treatment results in increasing the quality oflife of those suffering from a disease, decreasing the dose of othermedications required for treating the disease, reducing the frequency ofrecurrence of the disease, lessening severity of the disease, delayingthe development or progression of the disease, and/or prolongingsurvival of individuals.

As used herein, “in conjunction with” or “in combination with” refers toadministration of one treatment modality in addition to anothertreatment modality. As such. “in conjunction with” or “in combinationwith” refers to administration of one treatment modality before, duringor after administration of the other treatment modality to theindividual.

As used herein, the term “prevention” or “preventing” includes providingprophylaxis with respect to occurrence or recurrence of a disease in anindividual. An individual may be predisposed to, susceptible to adisease, or at risk of developing a disease, but has not yet beendiagnosed with the disease. In some embodiments, anti-Siglec-8antibodies (e.g., an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8) describedherein are used to delay development of a disease (e.g., advancedsystemic mastocytosis).

As used herein, an individual “at risk” of developing a disease (e.g.,advanced systemic mastocytosis) may or may not have detectable diseaseor symptoms of disease, and may or may not have displayed detectabledisease or symptoms of disease prior to the treatment methods describedherein. “At risk” denotes that an individual has one or more riskfactors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with developmentof the disease (e.g., advanced systemic mastocytosis), as known in theart. An individual having one or more of these risk factors has a higherprobability of developing the disease than an individual without one ormore of these risk factors.

An “effective amount” refers to at least an amount effective, at dosagesand for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired or indicatedeffect, including a therapeutic or prophylactic result. An effectiveamount can be provided in one or more administrations. A“therapeutically effective amount” is at least the minimum concentrationrequired to effect a measurable improvement of a particular disease. Atherapeutically effective amount herein may vary according to factorssuch as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the patient, and theability of the antibody to elicit a desired response in the individual.A therapeutically effective amount may also be one in which any toxic ordetrimental effects of the antibody are outweighed by thetherapeutically beneficial effects. A “prophylactically effectiveamount” refers to an amount effective, at the dosages and for periods oftime necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typicallybut not necessarily, since a prophylactic dose is used in individualsprior to or at the earlier stage of disease, the prophylacticallyeffective amount can be less than the therapeutically effective amount.

“Chronic” administration refers to administration of the medicament(s)in a continuous as opposed to acute mode, so as to maintain the initialtherapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time.“Intermittent” administration is treatment that is not consecutivelydone without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature.

The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarilyincluded in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that containinformation about the indications, usage, dosage, administration,combination therapy, contraindications and/or warnings concerning theuse of such therapeutic products.

As used herein, an “individual” or a “subject” is a mammal. A “mammal”for purposes of treatment includes humans, domestic and farm animals,and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, rabbits, cattle,pigs, hamsters, gerbils, mice, ferrets, rats, cats, etc. In someembodiments, the individual or subject is a human.

II. Compositions and Methods A. Methods of the Invention

Provided herein are methods for treating or preventing advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) in an individual comprising administeringto the individual an effective amount of an antibody described hereinthat binds to human Siglec-8 (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody), orcompositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods for treating orpreventing advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) in anindividual comprising administering to the individual an effectiveamount of an agonist described herein that binds to human Siglec-8(e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist or agonist antibodies), orcompositions thereof. In some embodiments, the individual (e.g., ahuman) has been diagnosed with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD) or is at risk of developing advanced systemic mastocytosis. Asused herein the term “advanced systemic mastocytosis” can refer to adisease, disorder or condition associated with increased proliferation(e.g., increased numbers) or activation of Siglec-8 expressing mastcells. In some embodiments, advanced systemic mastocytosis is associatedwith increased proliferation (e.g., increased numbers) or activation ofeosinophils (e.g., Siglec-8 expression eosinophils). Non-limitingexamples of advanced systemic mastocytosis that are treatable with theantibodies and agonists, and compositions thereof, of the presentinvention include advanced systemic mastocytosis associated witheosinophilia, advanced systemic mastocytosis without eosinophilia,aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), andsystemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-celllineage disease (SM-AHNMD) such as SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS).SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN). SM-chronic myelomonocyticleukemia (SM-CMML). SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL), andSM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML).

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasmcharacterized by the proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic mastcells in one or more organs. Symptoms from systemic mastocytosis arisefrom the release of chemical mediators (e.g., histamine) by mast cellsand mast cell infiltration of tissues such as bone marrow, skin, spleen,lymph nodes, liver and the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulation of mastcells in organs can inhibit organ function which may lead to organfailure. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 classification forsystemic mastocytosis identified seven variants of the disease plus aprovisional subvariant. The variants include, cutaneous mastocytosis(CM), indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM), aggressive systemicmastocytosis (ASM), systemic mastocytosis with an associated clonalhematologic non-mast cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD), mast cell leukemia(MCL), mast cell sarcoma, and extracutaneous mastocytoma as well as aprovisional subvariant of ISM termed smoldering systemic mastocytosis(SSM). See Gotlib et al., Blood, 2013, 121(13):2393-2401; Valent et al.,Immunol Allergy Clin North Am., 2006, 26(3):515-534; Patnaik et al.,Arch Pathol Lab Med., 2007, 131(5):784-791; Valent et al., Eur. J. ClinInvest., 2007, 37:435-453; and Valent et al., Allergy, 2014,69:1267-1274. The WHO diagnostic criteria for systemic mastocytosisincludes one major diagnostic criterion and four minor diagnosticcriteria. The major diagnostic criterion is the presence of mast cellaggregates (>15 mast cells in aggregates) in the bone marrow and/orother extracutancous organ of an individual. The four minor diagnosticcriteria are: 1) the presence of morphologically atypical bone marrowmast cells in biopsy section of bone marrow or other extracutaneousorgans (>25% of the mast cells in the infiltrate are spindle shaped,have atypical morphologic features or of all mast cells in bone marrowaspirate smear, >25% are immature or atypical); 2) mast cells in bonemarrow, blood, or other extracutaneous organs express CD2 and/or CD25 inadditional to normal mast cell marker; 3) detection of an activatingpoint mutation at codon 816 in KIT in bone marrow, blood or anotherextracutaneous organ; 4) and serum total tryptase persistently exceeds20 ng/mL level, except in cases where there an associated clonal myeloiddisorder. The major diagnostic criterion in association with one minordiagnostic criterion of the four minor diagnostic criteria above, orthree diagnostic minor criteria of the four minor diagnostic criteriaabove are required to establish a diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis.Systemic variants are distinguished by the presence of diagnosticcriteria referred to as B finding(s) and C finding(s). B findingsinclude >30% bone marrow mast cells on biopsy and/or serum tryptaselevels >200 ng/mL; increased marrow cellularity/dysplasia withoutmeeting diagnostic criteria for a hematopoietic neoplasm (AHNMD); andenlargement of the liver without impairment of liver function and/orenlarged of spleen without hypersplenism and/or enlarged lymph nodes (>2cm). C findings include bone marrow dysfunction manifested by 1 or morecytopenia (absolute neutrophil count <1×10⁹/L, Hb<10 g/dL, or platelets<100×10⁹ L); enlarged liver with impairment of liver function, ascites,and/or portal hypertension; enlarged spleen with hypersplenism; largeosteolytic lesions and/or pathologic fractures; and malabsorption withweight loss caused by mast cell infiltration in the gastrointestinaltract. See Gotlib et al., Blood, 2013, 121(13):2393-2401.

Advanced systemic mastocytosis is typically characterized by organdamage and shortened survival. There are different types of advancedsystemic mastocytosis and they include mast cell leukemia (MCL),aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), and systemic mastocytosis withan associated clonal hematologic non-mast cell lineage disease(SM-AHNMD). An individual is diagnosed with ASM if they meet thediagnostic criteria for systemic mastocytosis, exhibit one or more ofthe C finding(s) diagnostic criteria, and show no evidence of mast cellleukemia. ASM is characterized by multifocal bone marrow infiltration byatypical, often immature mast cells with marked fibrosis. A positivestatus for the KIT D816V mutation is often found in an individual withASM. See Gotlib et al., Blood, 2013, 121(13):2393-2401. An individual isdiagnosed with MCL if they meet the diagnostic criteria for systemicmastocytosis as well as other criteria. In MCL, mast cells account formore than 20% of nucleated cells on bone marrow aspirate smears andatypical immature mast cells form a diffuse yet compact infiltrate onthe core biopsy with low levels of fibrosis. An individual with MCL maynot exhibit a positive status for the KIT D816V mutation. MCL canpresent without overt organ damage but organ damage usually developswithin a short period. MCL includes typical MCL and aleukemic MCL. Intypical MCL, mast cells comprise 10% or more of peripheral white bloodcells. In aleukemic MCL, <10% of peripheral white blood cells are mastcells. See Gotlib et al., Blood, 2013, 121(13):2393-2401. An individualis diagnosed with AM-AHNMD if they meet the diagnostic criteria forsystemic mastocytosis and criteria for an associated clonal hematologicnon-mast cell lineage disease such myelodysplastic syndrome,myeloproliferative neoplasm, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia,eosinophilic disorders (e.g., chronic eosinophilic leukemia), and acutemyeloid leukemia. SM-AHNMD includes SM-myelodysplastic syndrome(SM-MDS), SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML). SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia(SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). As used herein anindividual with “advanced systemic mastocytosis” may or may not haveeosinophilia. Symptoms of advanced systemic mastocytosis include, butare not limited to, weight loss, skin lesions, enlarged spleen, enlargedliver, enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal discomfort or pain, earlysatiety, anemia, thrombocytopenia, ascites, bone fractures, vomiting,nausea, diarrhea, flushing, pruritus, uticaria pigmentosa, angioedema,episodic anaphylactoid attacks, and organ dysfunction.

Response to treatment in individuals with advanced systemic mastocytosiscan be assessed by methods well known in the art. See Gotlib et al.,Blood, 2013, 121(13):2393-2401 and Verstovsek, Eur J Haematol., 2013,90(2):89-98. For example, response to treatment in an individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis can be the reduction or improvement ofany symptom of advanced systemic mastocytosis described herein (e.g.,skin lesions). In another example, response to treatment in anindividual with advanced systemic mastocytosis can be the reduction orimprovement of a pathologic parameter described herein such as ascitesor pleural effusions, liver function abnormalities, hypoalbuminemia,symptomatic marked splenomegaly, absolute neutrophil count, anemia(transfusion-independent and transfusion-dependent), thrombocytopenia(transfusion-independent and transfusion-dependent), serum tryptaselevels, mast cell infiltration, mast cell number, mast celldegranulation, and any other pathologic parameter described herein as adiagnostic criteria of systemic mastocytosis. Response to treatment mayresult in complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), or a clinicalimprovement (CI) of advanced systemic mastocytosis in an individual.

Methodologies and assays known in the art and described herein can beused for assessment of any type of advanced systemic mastocytosisdescribed herein (e.g., SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS), SM-chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML), SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia(SM-CEL). ASM, etc.), a symptom of advanced systemic mastocytosisdescribed herein, or diagnostic criteria of advanced systemicmastocytosis described herein. For example, mast cell burden can bequantified by morphologic analysis and immunohistochemical stains fortryptase, CD117, and CD25 on a core biopsy. Alternatively, or inaddition, flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow aspirates can be usedto quantify the percentage of mast cells. See Gotlib et al., Blood,2013, 121(13):2393-2401; Hermine et al., 2008. PLos One, 3:e2266; andVerstovsek. Eur J Haematol., 2013, 90(2):89-98.

In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method furthercomprises a step of diagnosing an individual (e.g., a patient) withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD), selecting an individual(e.g., a patient) advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) fortreatment, and/or determining if an individual (e.g., a patient) hasadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD). In some embodiments,the method further comprises a step of diagnosing an individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD), selecting an individualwith advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) for treatment,and/or determining if an individual has advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) before treating or preventing advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) in the individual, wherein the methodcomprises administering an effective amount of an antibody (e.g., ananti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, the method further comprises a step of diagnosing anindividual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD),selecting an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD) for treatment, and/or determining if an individual hasadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) before treating orpreventing advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) in theindividual, wherein the method comprises administering an effectiveamount of an antibody (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist(e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to humanSiglec-8, whereby administration of the antibody or agonist results inimprovement of one or more symptom of advanced systemic mastocytosisdescribed herein (e.g., skin lesions). In some embodiments, the methodfurther comprises a step of diagnosing an individual with advancedsystemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD), selecting an individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) for treatment, and/ordetermining if an individual has advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD) before treating or preventing advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) in the individual, wherein the method comprisesadministering an effective amount of an antibody (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist)that binds to human Siglec-8, whereby administration of the antibody oragonist results in improvement of one or more pathologic parameter ofadvanced systemic mastocytosis described herein (e.g., mast cellinfiltration). In some embodiments, the method further comprises a stepof diagnosing an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD), selecting an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) for treatment, and/or determining if an individual hasadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) after treating orpreventing advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) in theindividual, wherein the method comprises administering an effectiveamount of an antibody (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist(e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to humanSiglec-8. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step ofdiagnosing an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD), selecting an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) for treatment, and/or determining if an individual hasadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) after treating orpreventing advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) in theindividual, wherein the method comprises administering an effectiveamount of an antibody (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist(e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to humanSiglec-8, whereby administration of the antibody or agonist results inimprovement of one or more symptom of advanced systemic mastocytosisdescribed herein (e.g., skin lesions). In some embodiments, the methodfurther comprises a step of diagnosing an individual with advancedsystemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD), selecting an individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) for treatment, and/ordetermining if an individual has advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD) after treating or preventing advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) in the individual, wherein the method comprisesadministering an effective amount of an antibody (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist)that binds to human Siglec-8, whereby administration of the antibody oragonist results in improvement of one or more pathologic parameter ofadvanced systemic mastocytosis described herein (e.g., mast cellinfiltration).

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating orpreventing advanced systemic mastocytosis in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingaggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingmast cell leukemia (MCL) in an individual comprising administering tothe individual an effective amount of an antibody (e.g., ananti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingsystemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-celllineage disease (SM-AHNMD) in an individual comprising administering tothe individual an effective amount of an antibody (e.g., ananti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingSM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS) in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingSM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN) in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingSM-chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML) in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingSM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL) in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating or preventingSM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML) in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual an effective amount of an antibody(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody) or an agonist (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist) that binds to human Siglec-8. Insome embodiments, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is associated witheosinophilia. In some embodiments, the advanced systemic mastocytosis iswithout cosinophilia.

In some of the embodiments herein, one or more symptom in an individualwith advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is reduced orimproved (e.g., a reference value) as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody that binds to human Siglec-8(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody). In some of the embodiments herein,one or more symptom in an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) is reduced or improved (e.g., a reference value) ascompared to a baseline level before administration of the agonist thatbinds to human Siglec-8 (e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist).In some embodiments, the one or more symptom in the individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is selected from thegroup consisting of: weight loss, skin lesions, enlarged spleen,enlarged liver, enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal discomfort or pain,early satiety, anemia, thrombocytopenia, ascites, bone fractures,vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, flushing, pruritus, uticaria pigmentosa,angioedema, episodic anaphylactoid attacks, and organ dysfunction. Insome of the embodiments herein, the antibody is in a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. In some of the embodiments herein, the agonist is in apharmaceutical composition comprising the agonist and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In some of the embodiments herein, one or more pathological parameter,such as a diagnostic criteria of systemic mastocytosis described herein,in an individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) isreduced or improved (e.g., a reference value) as compared to a baselinelevel before administration of the antibody that binds to human Siglec-8(e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody). In some embodiments, one or morepathologic parameter in an individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is selected from the group consisting of:ascites or pleural effusions, liver function abnormalities,hypoalbuminemia, symptomatic marked splenomegaly, absolute neutrophilcount, anemia (transfusion-independent and transfusion-dependent),thrombocytopenia (transfusion-independent and transfusion-dependent),serum tryptase levels, mast cell infiltration, mast cell number, mastcell degranulation, and any other pathologic parameter described hereinas a diagnostic criteria of systemic mastocytosis. In some embodimentsherein, the individual is a human. In some of the embodiments herein,the antibody is in a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibodyand a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some of the embodimentsherein, the agonist is in a pharmaceutical composition comprising theagonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some of the embodiments herein, the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is resistant to treatment with one or moretherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the one or more therapeuticagent is selected from the group consisting of: a cytotoxic agent; acytokine; a growth inhibitory agent; a protein kinase inhibitor; acorticosteroid; an antibody; an mTOR inhibitor, and an anti-canceragent. In some of the embodiments herein, the individual with advancedsystemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is resistant to treatment withone or more protein kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, theindividual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) isresistant to treatment with midostaurin, imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib,and/or masitinib. In some of the embodiments herein, the individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is resistant totreatment with interferon-α. In some of the embodiments herein, theindividual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) isresistant to treatment with rituximab and/or daclizumab. In some of theembodiments herein, the individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) is resistant to treatment with RAD001. In some of theembodiments herein, the individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis(e.g., SM-AHNMD) is resistant to treatment with rituximab and/ordaclizumab. In some of the embodiments herein, the individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) is resistant totreatment with cladribine, denileukin diftitox, lenalidomide,thalidomide, and/or hydroxyurea. Such individuals can benefit fromtreatment with an antibody or agonist that binds to a human Siglec-8described herein. In some embodiments, the individual with advancedsystemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) that is resistant to treatmentwith one or more therapeutic agent described herein (e.g., a proteinkinase inhibitor) responds to treatment with an antibody or agonist thatbinds to a human Siglec-8 described herein. In some embodiments, theindividual with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) that isresistant to treatment with one or more therapeutic agent describedherein (e.g., a protein kinase inhibitor) responds to treatment with anantibody or agonist that binds to a human Siglec-8 described hereinadministered in combination with one or more therapeutic agent describedherein (e.g., a protein kinase inhibitor).

Individuals with advanced systemic mastocytosis may have an activatingpoint mutation in the phosphotransferase domain of c-Kit. The mainactivating mutation is the mutation of an aspartate residue at position816 of c-Kit to a valine residue (i.e., a KIT D816V mutation). In someof the embodiments herein, the individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) has a mutation in a c-Kit gene. In someembodiments, the individual has a KIT D816V mutation. In someembodiments, the individual does not have a KIT D816V mutation. Methodsfor detection of a KIT D816V mutation are known in the art. See forexample, Hermine et al., 2008. PLos One, 3:e2266. In some embodiments,an individual with a KIT D816V mutation is resistant to treatment withone or more therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: acytotoxic agent; a cytokine; a growth inhibitory agent; a protein kinaseinhibitor, a corticosteroid; an antibody; an mTOR inhibitor; and ananti-cancer agent. In some embodiments, the individual with a KIT D816Vmutation responds to treatment with an antibody or agonist that binds toa human Siglec-8 described herein. In some embodiments, the individualwith a KIT D816V mutation responds to treatment with an antibody oragonist that binds to a human Siglec-8 described herein administered incombination with one or more therapeutic agent described herein (e.g., aprotein kinase inhibitor).

The terms “baseline” or “baseline value” used interchangeably herein canrefer to a measurement or characterization of a symptom (e.g., mast cellinfiltration, mast cell number, serum tryptase levels, weight loss,etc.) before the administration of the therapy (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8antibody) or at the beginning of administration of the therapy. Thebaseline value can be compared to a reference value in order todetermine the reduction or improvement of a symptom of a type ofadvanced systemic mastocytosis contemplated herein. The terms“reference” or “reference value” used interchangeably herein can referto a measurement or characterization of a symptom after administrationof the therapy (e.g., an anti-Siglec-8 antibody). The reference valuecan be measured one or more times during a dosage regimen or treatmentcycle or at the completion of the dosage regimen or treatment cycle. A“reference value” can be an absolute value; a relative value; a valuethat has an upper and/or lower limit; a range of values; an averagevalue; a median value; a mean value; or a value as compared to abaseline value. Similarly, a “baseline value” can be an absolute value;a relative value; a value that has an upper and/or lower limit; a rangeof values; an average value; a median value; a mean value; or a value ascompared to a reference value. The reference value and/or baseline valuecan be obtained from one individual, from two different individuals orfrom a group of individuals (e.g., a group of two, three, four, five ormore individuals). For example, an individual with advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) can have a reduced level of mast cellinfiltration after administration of the antibody that binds to humanSiglec-8 (e.g., a reference value) as compared to the level of mast cellinfiltration before or at the beginning of administration of theantibody that binds to human Siglec-8 in the individual (e.g., abaseline value). In another example, an individual with advancedsystemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) can have a reduced level of mastcell infiltration after administration of the antibody that binds tohuman Siglec-8 (e.g., a reference value) as compared to the level ofmast cell infiltration before or at the beginning of administration ofthe antibody that binds to human Siglec-8 in a different individual(e.g., a baseline value). In yet another example, an individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) can have a reduced levelof mast cell infiltration after administration of the antibody thatbinds to human Siglec-8 (e.g., a reference value) as compared to thelevel of mast cell infiltration before or at the beginning ofadministration of the antibody that binds to human Siglec-8 in a groupof individuals (e.g., a baseline value). In another example, a group ofindividuals with advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD) canhave a reduced level of mast cell infiltration after administration ofthe antibody that binds to human Siglec-8 (e.g., a reference value) ascompared to the level of mast cell infiltration before or at thebeginning of administration of the antibody that binds to human Siglec-8in a group of individuals (e.g., a baseline value). In any of theembodiments herein, the baseline value can be obtained from oneindividual, from two different individuals or from a group ofindividuals (e.g., a group of two, three, four, five or moreindividuals) that are not treated with an antibody that binds to humanSiglec-8.

In some embodiments, an individual described herein is administered aneffective amount of an antibody or agonist that binds to human Siglec-8,or compositions thereof, for depletion or reduction of eosinophils(e.g., eosinophils expressing Siglec-8). In some embodiments, theanti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes or reduces at least about20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%,about 90% or about 100% of the eosinophils (e.g., eosinophils expressingSiglec-8) in a sample obtained from the individual as compared to abaseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. In someembodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes or reducesat least about 20% of the eosinophils (e.g., eosinophils expressingSiglec-8) in a sample obtained from the individual as compared to abaseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. In someembodiments, the depletion or reduction of eosinophils is measured bycomparing the eosinophil population number in a sample (e.g., a tissuesample or a biological fluid sample) from an individual after treatmentwith the antibody or agonist to the eosinophil population number in asample from an individual before treatment with the antibody or agonist.In some embodiments, the depletion or reduction of eosinophils ismeasured by comparing the eosinophil population number in a sample(e.g., a tissue sample or a biological fluid sample) from an individualafter treatment with the antibody or agonist to the eosinophilpopulation number in a sample from another individual without theantibody treatment or the agonist treatment or average eosinophilpopulation number in samples from individuals without the antibodytreatment or the agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the sample is atissue sample (e.g., a skin sample, a bone marrow sample, etc.). In someembodiments, the tissue sample is a bone marrow sample, a skin sample, aspleen sample, a lymph node sample, a liver sample or a gastrointestinaltract sample. In some embodiments herein, the antibody depleteseosinophils in a tissue sample. In some embodiments, the sample is abiological fluid sample (e.g., a blood sample, urine sample, etc.). Insome embodiments herein, the antibody or agonist depletes eosinophils ina biological fluid sample. In some embodiments of the methods herein,the effective amount of an antibody or agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8, or compositions thereof, induces apoptosis of activatedeosinophils. Eosinophils can be activated or sensitized by cytokines orhormones such as, but not limited to, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-33, IFN-γ, TNF-α,and leptin. In some embodiments of the methods herein, the effectiveamount of an antibody or agonist described herein that binds to humanSiglec-8, or compositions thereof, induces apoptosis of restingeosinophils. In some embodiments, the effective amount of an antibody oragonist described herein that binds to human Siglec-8, or compositionsthereof, has antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)activity against eosinophils. In some embodiments, the effective amountof an antibody or agonist described herein that binds to human Siglec-8,or compositions thereof, prevents or reduces eosinophil production ofinflammatory mediators. Exemplary inflammatory mediators include, butare not limited to, reactive oxygen species, granule proteins (e.g.,eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein, eosinophil-derivedneurotoxin, eosinophil peroxidase, etc.), lipid mediators (e.g., PAF,PGE1, PGE2, etc.), enzymes (e.g., elastase), growth factors (e.g., VEGF,PDGF, TGF-α, TGF-β, etc.), chemokines (e.g., RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-3, MCP4,eotaxin, etc.) and cytokines (e.g., IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15,IL-33, TNF-α, etc.).

In some embodiments, an individual described herein is administered aneffective amount of an antibody or agonist that binds to human Siglec-8,or compositions thereof, for depletion or reduction of mast cells (e.g.,mast cells expressing Siglec-8). In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8antibody or agonist depletes or reduces at least about 20%, about 30%,about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90% orabout 100% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtainedfrom the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments, theanti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes or reduces at least about 20%of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from theindividual as compared to a baseline level before administration of theantibody or agonist. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody oragonist depletes or reduces at least about 30% of the mast cellsexpressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individual as comparedto a baseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. Insome embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes orreduces at least about 40% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in asample obtained from the individual as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments,the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes or reduces at least about50% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from theindividual as compared to a baseline level before administration of theantibody or agonist. In some embodiments, the depletion or reduction ofmast cells is measured by comparing the mast cell population number in asample (e.g., a tissue sample or a biological fluid sample) from anindividual after treatment with the antibody or agonist to the mast cellpopulation number in a sample from an individual before treatment withthe antibody or agonist. In some embodiments, the depletion or reductionof mast cells is measured by comparing the mast cell population numberin a sample (e.g., a tissue sample or a biological fluid sample) from anindividual after treatment with the antibody or agonist to the mast cellpopulation number in a sample from another individual without theantibody treatment or agonist treatment or average mast cell populationnumber in samples from individuals without the antibody treatment oragonist treatment. In some embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample(e.g., a skin sample, a bone marrow sample, etc.). In some embodiments,the tissue sample is a bone marrow sample, a skin sample, a spleensample, a lymph node sample, a liver sample or a gastrointestinal tractsample. In some embodiments, the sample is a biological fluid sample(e.g., a blood sample, a urine sample, etc.). In some embodiments, theeffective amount of an antibody or agonist described herein that bindsto human Siglec-8, or compositions thereof, has antibody-dependentcell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against mast cells. In someembodiments, depletion or reduction of mast cells prevents or reducespreformed or newly formed inflammatory mediators produced from mastcells. Exemplary inflammatory mediators include, but are not limited to,histamine, N-methyl histamine, enzymes (e.g., tryptase, chymase,cathespin G, carboxypeptidase, etc.), lipid mediators (e.g.,prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4,platelet-activating factor, 11-beta-prostaglandin F2, etc.), chemokines(e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11 (i.e., eotaxin), CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3,CXCL10, etc.), and cytokines (e.g., IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-15, IL-33,GM-CSF, TNF, etc.).

In some embodiments, an individual described herein is administered aneffective amount of an antibody or agonist that binds to human Siglec-8,or compositions thereof, for depleting mast cells expressing Siglec-8,wherein the anti-Siglec-8 antibody kills mast cells expressing Siglec-8by ADCC activity. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody oragonist depletes at least about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%,about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90% or about 100% of the mastcells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individual ascompared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody oragonist. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonistdepletes at least about 20% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in asample obtained from the individual as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments,the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes at least about 30% of themast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individualas compared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody oragonist. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonistdepletes at least about 40% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in asample obtained from the individual as compared to a baseline levelbefore administration of the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments,the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist depletes at least about 50% of themast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtained from the individualas compared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody oragonist. In some embodiments, the depletion or killing of mast cells ismeasured by comparing the mast cell population number in a sample (e.g.,a tissue sample or a biological fluid sample) from an individual aftertreatment with the antibody or agonist to the mast cell populationnumber in a sample from an individual before treatment with the antibodyor agonist. In some embodiments, the depletion or killing of mast cellsis measured by comparing the mast cell population number in a sample(e.g., a tissue sample or a biological fluid sample) from an individualafter treatment with the antibody or agonist to the mast cell populationnumber in a sample from another individual without the antibodytreatment or agonist treatment or average mast cell population number insamples from individuals without the antibody treatment or agonisttreatment. In some embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample (e.g., askin sample, a bone marrow sample, etc.). In some embodiments, thetissue sample is a bone marrow sample, a skin sample, a spleen sample, alymph node sample, a liver sample or a gastrointestinal tract sample. Insome embodiments, the sample is a biological fluid sample (e.g., a bloodsample, urine sample, etc.). In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8antibody has been engineered to improve ADCC activity. In someembodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises at least one aminoacid substitution in the Fc region that improves ADCC activity. In someembodiments, at least one or two of the heavy chains of the antibody isnon-fucosylated. In some embodiments, depletion or killing of mast cellsprevents or reduces preformed or newly formed inflammatory mediatorsproduced from mast cells. Exemplary inflammatory mediators include, butare not limited to, histamine, N-methyl histamine, enzymes (e.g.,tryptase, chymase, cathespin G, carboxypeptidase, etc.), lipid mediators(e.g., prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, leukotrieneC4, platelet-activating factor, 11-beta-prostaglandin F2, etc.),chemokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11 (i.e., eotaxin), CXCL1, CXCL2,CXCL3, CXCL10, etc.), and cytokines (e.g., IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13,IL-15, IL-33, GM-CSF, TNF, etc.).

In some embodiments, an individual described herein is administered aneffective amount of an antibody or agonist that binds to human Siglec-8,or compositions thereof, for the inhibition of mast cell-mediatedactivity. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonistinhibits at least about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%,about 70%, about 80%, about 90% or about 100% of the mast cell-mediatedactivity in a sample obtained from the individual as compared to abaseline level before administration of the antibody or agonist. In someembodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist inhibits at leastabout 20% of the mast cell-mediated activity in a sample obtained fromthe individual as compared to a baseline level before administration ofthe antibody or agonist. In some embodiments, the inhibition of mastcell-mediated activity is measured by comparing the mast cell-mediatedactivity in a sample (e.g., a tissue sample or a biological fluidsample) from an individual after treatment with the antibody or agonistto the mast cell-mediated activity in a sample from an individual beforetreatment with the antibody or agonist. In some embodiments, theinhibition of mast cell-mediated activity is measured by comparing themast cell-mediated activity in a sample (e.g., a tissue sample or abiological fluid sample) from an individual after treatment with theantibody or agonist to the mast cell-mediated activity in a sample fromanother individual without the antibody treatment or agonist treatmentor average mast cell-mediated activity in samples from individualswithout the antibody treatment or agonist treatment. In someembodiments, the sample is a tissue sample (e.g., a skin sample, a bonemarrow sample, etc.). In some embodiments, the tissue sample is a bonemarrow sample, a skin sample, a spleen sample, a lymph node sample, aliver sample or a gastrointestinal tract sample. In some embodiments,the sample is a biological fluid sample (e.g., a blood sample, a urinesample, etc.). In some embodiments, inhibition of mast cell-mediatedactivity is the inhibition of mast cell degranulation. In someembodiments, inhibition of mast cell-mediated activity is the inhibitionof mast cell infiltration to organs and/or bone marrow. In someembodiments, inhibition of mast cell-mediated activity is the inhibitionof cytokine release. In some embodiments, inhibition of mastcell-mediated activity is the reduction in the number of mast cells inthe individual. In some embodiments, inhibition of mast cell-mediatedactivity is the inhibition of release of preformed or newly formedinflammatory mediators from mast cells. Exemplary inflammatory mediatorsinclude, but are not limited to, histamine, N-methyl histamine, enzymes(e.g., tryptase, chymase, cathespin G, carboxypeptidase, etc.), lipidmediators (e.g., prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4,leukotriene C4, platelet-activating factor, 1-beta-prostaglandin F2,etc.), chemokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11 (i.e., eotaxin), CXCL1,CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL10, etc.), and cytokines (e.g., IL-3, IL-4, IL-5,IL-13, IL-15, IL-33, GM-CSF, TNF, etc.).

For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of anactive agent, will depend on the type of disease to be treated, asdefined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the agentis administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previoustherapy, the individual's clinical history and response to the agent,and the discretion of the attending physician. The agent is suitablyadministered to the individual at one time or over a series oftreatments. In some embodiments of the methods described herein, aninterval between administrations of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody (e.g., anantibody that binds to human Siglec-8) or agonist described herein isabout one month or longer. In some embodiments, the interval betweenadministrations is about two months, about three months, about fourmonths, about five months, about six months or longer. As used herein,an interval between administrations refers to the time period betweenone administration of the antibody or agonist and the nextadministration of the antibody or agonist. As used herein, an intervalof about one month includes four weeks. Accordingly, in someembodiments, the interval between administrations is about four weeks,about five weeks, about six weeks, about seven weeks, about eight weeks,about nine weeks, about ten weeks, about eleven weeks, about twelveweeks, about sixteen weeks, about twenty weeks, about twenty four weeks,or longer. In some embodiments, the treatment includes multipleadministrations of the antibody or agonist, wherein the interval betweenadministrations may vary. For example, the interval between the firstadministration and the second administration is about one month, and theintervals between the subsequent administrations are about three months.In some embodiments, the interval between the first administration andthe second administration is about one month, the interval between thesecond administration and the third administration is about two months,and the intervals between the subsequent administrations are about threemonths. In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein(e.g., an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8) or agonist describedherein is administered at a flat dose. In some embodiments, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., an antibody that binds tohuman Siglec-8) or agonist described herein is administered to anindividual at a dosage from about 0.1 mg to about 1800 mg per dose. Insome embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody (e.g., an antibody thatbinds to human Siglec-8) or agonist is administered to an individual ata dosage of about any of 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg,250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg,700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg, 850 mg, 900 mg, 950 mg, 1000 mg, 1100 mg, 1200mg, 1300 mg, 1400 mg, 1500 mg, 1600 mg, 1700 mg, and 1800 mg per dose.In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g.,an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8) or agonist described herein isadministered to an individual at a dosage from about 150 mg to about 450mg per dose. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody (e.g., anantibody that binds to human Siglec-8) or agonist is administered to anindividual at a dosage of about any of 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg,350 mg, 400 mg, and 450 mg per dose. In some embodiments, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., an antibody that binds tohuman Siglec-8) or agonist described herein is administered to anindividual at a dosage from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg per dose.In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g.,an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8) or agonist described herein isadministered to an individual at a dosage from about 0.01 mg/kg to about10 mg/kg per dose. In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibodydescribed herein (e.g., an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8) oragonist described herein is administered to an individual at a dosagefrom about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 1.0 mg/kg to about 10mg/kg. In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described hereinis administered to an individual at a dosage of about any of 0.1 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, 3.5mg/kg, 4.0 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6.0 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg,7.0 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8.0 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9.0 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, or10.0 mg/kg. Any of the dosing frequency described above may be used. Anydosing frequency described above may be used in the methods or uses ofthe compositions described herein. Efficacy of treatment with anantibody described herein (e.g., an antibody that binds to humanSiglec-8) or agonist described herein can be assessed using any of themethodologies or assays described herein at intervals ranging betweenevery week and every three months. In some embodiments of the methodsdescribed herein, efficacy of treatment (e.g., reduction or improvementof one or more symptom) is assessed about every one month, about everytwo months, about every three months, about every four months, aboutevery five months, about every six months or longer after administrationof an antibody or agonist that binds to human Siglec-8. In someembodiments of the methods described herein, efficacy of treatment(e.g., reduction or improvement of one or more symptom) is assessedabout every one week, about every two weeks, about every three weeks,about every four weeks, about every five weeks, about every six weeks,about every seven weeks, about every eight weeks, about every nineweeks, about every ten weeks, about every eleven weeks, about everytwelve weeks, about every sixteen weeks, about every twenty weeks, aboutevery twenty four weeks, or longer.

Antibodies and agonists described herein that bind to human Siglec-8 canbe used either alone or in combination with other agents in the methodsdescribed herein. For instance, an antibody that binds to a humanSiglec-8 may be co-administered with one or more additional therapeuticagent. Therapeutic agents contemplated herein include, but are notlimited to, cytotoxic agents; cytokines such as interferon-α; growthinhibitory agents; protein kinase inhibitors such as midostaurin,imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, and masitinib; corticosteroids;antibodies such as rituximab and daclizumab; mTOR inhibitors such asRAD001; and anti-cancer agents such as cladribine, denileukin diftitox,lenalidomide, thalidomide, and hydroxyurea. In certain embodiments, oneor more additional therapeutic agent is selected from the groupconsisting of: a cytotoxic agent, a cytokine (e.g., interferon-α), agrowth inhibitory agent, a protein kinase inhibitor (e.g., a tyrosinekinase inhibitor such as midostaurin), a corticosteroid, an antibody(e.g., rituximab), or an anti-cancer agent (e.g., an antimetabolite suchas cladribine). In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent isa tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Such combination therapies noted above encompass combined administration(where two or more therapeutic agents are included in the same orseparate formulations), and separate administration, in which case,administration of the antibody of the invention can occur prior to,simultaneously, and/or following, administration of the one or moreadditional therapeutic agent or agents. In some embodiments,administration of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein andadministration of one or more additional therapeutic agent occur withinabout one month, about two months, about three months, about fourmonths, about five months or about six months of each other. In someembodiments, administration of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody describedherein and administration of one or more additional therapeutic agentoccur within about one week, about two weeks or about three weeks ofeach other. In some embodiments, administration of an anti-Siglec-8antibody described herein and administration of one or more additionaltherapeutic agent occur within about one day, about two days, aboutthree days, about four days, about five days, or about six days of eachother.

Agonists of Siglec-8

In one aspect, the present invention provides for agonists for use inany of the methods herein. In some embodiments, an agonist is an agentthat binds to Siglec-8 expressed on eosinophils and induces apoptosis ofeosinophils in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, an agonist is anagent that binds to Siglec-8 expressed on mast cells and inhibitsactivation of mast cells in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, anagonist is an agent that binds to Siglec-8 expressed on mast cells anddepletes or reduces the number of mast cells in vitro or in vivo. Insome embodiments, an agonist is an agent that binds to Siglec-8expressed on mast cells and kills mast cells expressing Siglec-8 by ADCCactivity in vitro and in vivo. In some embodiments, the agonist is anagonist antibody. In some embodiments, the agonist is an agonistantibody. In some embodiments, the agonist antibody (e.g., antibody 2E2provided herein) crosslinks Siglec-8 expressed by eosinophils andinduces activation of one or more caspases (e.g., caspase-8, caspase-3,and caspase-9) in eosinophils and/or loss of mitochondrial membranepotential. See Nutku et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 336:918-924,2005. Siglec-8 binds to the glycan 6′-sulfo-sialyl Lewis X (alsoreferred to herein as 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)) and engagement to this glycaninduces apoptosis of Siglec-8 expressing cells (e.g., cosinophils). SeeHudson et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 330(2):608-12, 2009. In someembodiments herein, an agonist of Siglec-8 is a molecule having a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X) attached or linked to a molecule (e.g., a polymer, anoligosaccharide, a polypeptide, a glycoprotein, etc.). In someembodiments herein, the agonist is a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonistmolecule (e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing ligand, a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing oligosaccharide, a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing polypeptide, and a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing glycoprotein).

Agonists may be identified from a variety of sources, for example,cells, cell-free preparations, chemical libraries, and natural productmixtures. Such agonists may be natural or modified substrates, ligands,receptors, oligonucleotides, polypeptides, or antibodies that containthe glycan 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X) and bind to Siglec-8, or may be structuralor functional mimetics thereof. Structural or functional mimetics ofsuch natural or modified substrates, ligands, receptors,oligonucleotides, or antibodies that contain the glycan 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)are referred to herein as a “6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing glycomimetic.”See Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immunology 1(2):Chapter 5,1991. For example, a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing glycomimetic may be asynthetic polymer-based ligand decorated with 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X) thatstructurally or functionally mimics the activity of the natural ligandof Siglec-8. See Hudson et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 330(2):608-12,2009 for examples of glycomimetics contemplated herein. Other examplesof potential agonists include antibodies or, in some cases,oligonucleotides or polypeptides which are closely related to thenatural ligand of Siglec-8, or small molecules which bind to Siglec-8.Synthetic compounds that mimic the conformation and desirable featuresof a particular polysaccharide ligand (e.g., a6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing ligand) that binds to Siglec-8, andpreferably avoid at least some undesirable features (such as low bindingaffinity, short half-life in vivo, and the like) of the originalpolysaccharide ligand of interest (e.g., a 6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containingligand), are referred to herein as “mimetics”. See U.S. Pat. No.8,178,512 for examples of mimetics contemplated herein.

In some aspects, an agonist that binds to human Siglec-8 (e.g.,6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist or an antibody) described hereininduces apoptosis of eosinophils. Apoptosis of eosinophils can beassessed by methods well known in the art. See Hudson et al., JPharmacol Exp Ther., 330(2):608-12, 2009 and Nutku et al., BiochemBiophys Res Commun., 336:918-924, 2005. For example, human eosinophilsare isolated from peripheral blood, purified, and cultured for 24 or 72hours in IL-5 followed by incubation with the agonist that binds tohuman Siglec-8 for an additional 24 hours. Cell survival is thenassessed by flow cytometric analysis after labeling with annexin-V andpropidium iodide. Agonist activity may also be assessed using bydetecting activation of caspases (e.g., caspase-8, caspase-3, andcaspase-9) in eosinophils and/or loss of mitochondrial membranepotential in eosinophils. These assays are described in Nutku et al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 336:918-924, 2005.

In some aspects, an agonist that binds to human Siglec-8 (e.g.,6′-sulfo-sLe^(X)-containing agonist or an antibody) described hereindepletes or reduces mast cells expressing Siglec-8. In some embodiments,the anti-Siglec-8 antibody kills mast cells expressing Siglec-8 by ADCCactivity. Assays for assessing ADCC activity are well known in the artand described herein. In an exemplary assay, to measure ADCC activity,effector cells and target cells are used. Examples of effector cellsinclude natural killer (NK) cells, large granular lymphocytes (LGL),lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and PBMC comprising NK and LGL,or leukocytes having Fc receptors on the cell surfaces, such asneutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages. The target cell is any cellwhich expresses on the cell surface antigens that antibodies to beevaluated can recognize. An example of such a target cell is a mast cellwhich expresses Siglec-8 on the cell surface (e.g., Ramos 2C10 targetcell line). Target cells can be labeled with a reagent that enablesdetection of cytolysis. Examples of reagents for labeling include aradio-active substance such as sodium chromate (Na₂ ⁵¹CrO₄). See, e.g.,Immunology, 14, 181 (1968); J. Immunol. Methods., 172, 227 (1994); andJ. Immunol. Methods., 184, 29 (1995).

Antibodies

In one aspect, the invention provides isolated antibodies that bind to ahuman Siglec-8 (e.g., an agonist antibody that binds to human Siglec-8).In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein has oneor more of the following characteristics: (1) binds a human Siglec-8;(2) binds to an extracellular domain of a human Siglec-8; (3) binds ahuman Siglec-8 with a higher affinity than mouse antibody 2E2 and/ormouse antibody 2C4; (4) binds a human Siglec-8 with a higher aviditythan mouse antibody 2E2 and/or mouse antibody 2C4; (5) has a T_(m) ofabout 70° C.-72° C. or higher in a thermal shift assay; (6) has areduced degree of fucosylation or is non-fucosylated; (7) binds a humanSiglec-8 expressed on eosinophils and induces apoptosis of eosinophils;(8) binds a human Siglec-8 expressed on mast cells and depletes orreduces the number of mast cells; (9) binds a human Siglec-8 expressedon mast cells and inhibits FcεRI-dependent activities of mast cells(e.g., histamine release. PGD₂ release, Ca²⁺ flux, and/orβ-hexosaminidase release, etc.); (10) has been engineered to improveADCC activity; and (11) binds a human Siglec-8 expressed on a B cellline sensitive to ADCC activity and depletes or reduces the number of Bcells.

In one aspect, the invention provides antibodies that bind to a humanSiglec-8. In some embodiments, the human Siglec-8 comprises an aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:72. In some embodiments, the human Siglec-8comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:73. In some embodiments,an antibody described herein binds to a human Siglec-8 expressed oneosinophils and induces apoptosis of eosinophils. In some embodiments,an antibody described herein binds to a human Siglec-8 expressed on mastcells and depletes or reduces the number of mast cells. In someembodiments, an antibody described herein binds to a human Siglec-8expressed on mast cells and inhibits mast cell-mediated activity.

In one aspect, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein is amonoclonal antibody. In one aspect, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody describedherein is an antibody fragment (including antigen-binding fragment),e.g., a Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, or (Fab′)₂ fragment. In one aspect, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein comprises an antibody fragment(including antigen-binding fragment), e.g., a Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, or(Fab′)₂ fragment. In one aspect, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody describedherein is a chimeric, humanized, or human antibody. In one aspect, anyof the anti-Siglec-8 antibodies described herein are purified.

In one aspect, anti-Siglec-8 antibodies that compete with murine 2E2antibody and murine 2C4 antibody binding to Siglec-8 are provided.Anti-Siglec-8 antibodies that bind to the same epitope as murine 2E2antibody and murine 2C4 antibody are also provided. Murine antibodies toSiglec-8, 2E2 and 2C4 antibody are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.8,207,305; 8,197,811, 7,871,612, and 7,557,191.

In one aspect, anti-Siglec-8 antibodies that compete with anyanti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., HEKA, HEKF, 1C3, 1H10,4F11, 2C4, 2E2) for binding to Siglec-8 are provided. Anti-Siglec-8antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any anti-Siglec-8 antibodydescribed herein (e.g., HEKA, HEKF, 1C3, 1H10, 4F11, 2C4, 2E2) are alsoprovided.

In one aspect of the invention, polynucleotides encoding anti-Siglec-8antibodies are provided. In certain embodiments, vectors comprisingpolynucleotides encoding anti-Siglec-8 antibodies are provided. Incertain embodiments, host cells comprising such vectors are provided. Inanother aspect of the invention, compositions comprising anti-Siglec-8antibodies or polynucleotides encoding anti-Siglec-8 antibodies areprovided. In certain embodiments, a composition of the invention is apharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of advanced systemicmastocytosis (e.g., SM-AHNMD), such as described herein. In certainembodiments, a composition of the invention is a pharmaceuticalformulation for the prevention of advanced systemic mastocytosis (e.g.,SM-AHNMD), such as described herein.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the HVR sequences of the murine antibody 2C4. Inone aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising 1,2, 3.4, 5, or 6 of the HVR sequences of the murine antibody 2E2. In someembodiments, the HVR is a Kabat CDR or a Chothia CDR.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the HVR sequences of the murine antibody 1C3. Inone aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the HVR sequences of the murine antibody 4F11. Inone aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the HVR sequences of the murine antibody 1H10. Insome embodiments, the HVR is a Kabat CDR or a Chothia CDR.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising aheavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, whereinthe heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, (ii) HVR-H2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63; and/or wherein the light chain variableregion comprises (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:64, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65,and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising aheavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, whereinthe heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, (ii) HVR-H2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising the aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:67-70; and/or wherein the lightchain variable region comprises (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:64, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:65, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:66.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising aheavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, whereinthe heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, (ii) HVR-H2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, and (iii) HVR-H3 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63; and/or wherein the light chain variableregion comprises (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:64. (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65,and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:71.

In another aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variableregion, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, (ii) HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, and (iii) HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:67-70;and/or wherein the light chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-L1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64, ii) HVR-L2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, and (iii) HVR-L3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:71.

In another aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variableregion, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:88. (ii) HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:91, and (iii) HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:94; and/or a light chainvariable region comprising (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:97, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:100, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:103.

In another aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variableregion, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:89, (ii) HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:92, and (iii) HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:95; and/or a light chainvariable region comprising (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:98. (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:101, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:104.

In another aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variableregion, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:90. (ii) HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:93, and (iii) HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:96; and/or a light chainvariable region comprising (i) HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:99, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:102, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:105.

An anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein may comprise any suitableframework variable domain sequence, provided that the antibody retainsthe ability to bind human Siglec-8. As used herein, heavy chainframework regions are designated “HC-FR1-FR4.” and light chain frameworkregions are designated “LC-FR1-FR4.” In some embodiments, theanti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain frameworksequence of SEQ ID NO:26, 34, 38, and 45 (HC-FR1, HC-FR2, HC-FR3, andHC-FR4, respectively). In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprises a light chain variable domain framework sequence of SEQ IDNO:48, 51, 55, and 60 (LC-FR1. LC-FR2, LC-FR3, and LC-FR4,respectively). In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprisesa light chain variable domain framework sequence of SEQ ID NO:48, 51,58, and 60 (LC-FR1, LC-FR2, LC-FR3, and LC-FR4, respectively).

In one embodiment, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable domain comprising a framework sequence and hypervariableregions, wherein the framework sequence comprises the HC-FR1-HC-FR4sequences SEQ ID NOs:26-29 (HC-FR1), SEQ ID NOs:31-36 (HC-FR2), SEQ IDNOs:38-43 (HC-FR3), and SEQ ID NOs:45 or 46 (HC-FR4), respectively; theHVR-H1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61; the HVR-H2comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62; and the HVR-H3comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63. In one embodiment, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domaincomprising a framework sequence and hypervariable regions, wherein theframework sequence comprises the HC-FR1-HC-FR4 sequences SEQ IDNOs:26-29 (HC-FR1), SEQ ID NOs:31-36 (HC-FR2), SEQ ID NOs:38-43(HC-FR3), and SEQ ID NOs:45 or 46 (HC-FR4), respectively; the HVR-H1comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61: the HVR-H2 comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62; and the HVR-H3 comprises anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:67-70. In one embodiment,an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a light chain variable domaincomprising a framework sequence and hypervariable regions, wherein theframework sequence comprises the LC-FR1-LC-FR4 sequences SEQ ID NOs:48or 49 (LC-FR1). SEQ ID NOs:51-53 (LC-FR2). SEQ ID NOs:55-58 (LC-FR3),and SEQ ID NO:60 (LC-FR4), respectively; the HVR-L1 comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64; the HVR-L2 comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:65; and the HVR-L3 comprises an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:66. In one embodiment, an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprises a light chain variable domain comprising a framework sequenceand hypervariable regions, wherein the framework sequence comprises theLC-FR1-LC-FR4 sequences SEQ ID NOs:48 or 49 (LC-FR1). SEQ ID NOs:51-53(LC-FR2). SEQ ID NOs:55-58 (LC-FR3), and SEQ ID NO:60 (LC-FR4),respectively; the HVR-L1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:64; the HVR-L2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65; andthe HVR-L3 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:71. In oneembodiment of these antibodies, the heavy chain variable domaincomprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:2-10 and thelight chain variable domain comprises and amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs:16-22. In one embodiment of these antibodies, the heavychain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQID NOs:2-10 and the light chain variable domain comprises and amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:23 or 24. In one embodiment of theseantibodies, the heavy chain variable domain comprises an amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:11-14 and the light chain variabledomain comprises and amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:16-22.In one embodiment of these antibodies, the heavy chain variable domaincomprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:11-14 and thelight chain variable domain comprises and amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs:23 or 24. In one embodiment of these antibodies, theheavy chain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:6 and the light chain variable domain comprises and amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:16. In one embodiment of these antibodies, theheavy chain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:6 and the light chain variable domain comprises and amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:21.

In some embodiments, the heavy chain HVR sequences comprise the following:a) HVR-H1 (IYGAH (SEQ ID NO: 61)); b) HVR-H2(VIWAGGSTNYNSALMS (SEQ ID NO: 62)); and c) HVR-H3(DGSSPYYYSMEY (SEQ ID NO: 63); DGSSPYYYGMEY (SEQ ID NO: 67);DGSSPYYYSMDY (SEQ ID NO: 68); DGSSPYYYSMEV (SEQ ID NO: 69);or GSSPYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 70)).In some embodiments, the heavy chain HVR sequences comprise the following:a) HVR-H1(SYAMS (SEQ ID NO: 88); DYYMY (SEQ ID NO: 89); or SSWMN (SEQ ID NO: 90));b) HVR-H2 (IISSGGSYTYYSDSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 91); RIAPEDGDTEYAPKFQG(SEQ ID NO: 92); or QIYPGDDYTNYNGKFKG (SEQ ID NO: 93)); and c) HVR-H3(HETAQAAWFAY (SEQ ID NO: 94); EGNYYGSSILDY (SEQ ID NO: 95); orLGPYGPFAD (SEQ ID NO: 96)).In some embodiments, the heavy chain FR sequences comprise the following:a) HC-FR1 (EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLT (SEQ ID NO: 26);EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAVSGFSLT (SEQ ID NO: 27);QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSIS (SEQ ID NO: 28); orQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSLT (SEQ ID NO: 29)); b) HC-FR2(WVRQAPGKGLEWVS (SEQ ID NO: 31); WVRQAPGKGLEWLG (SEQ ID NO: 32);WVRQAPGKGLEWLS (SEQ ID NO: 33); WVRQAPGKGLEWVG (SEQ ID NO: 34);WIRQPPGKGLEWIG (SEQ ID NO: 35); or WVRQPPGKGLEWLG (SEQ ID NO: 36));c) HC-FR3 (RFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 38);RLSISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 39);RLTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 40);RFSISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 41);RVTISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 42); orRLSISKDNSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 43)); and d) HC-FR4(WGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 45); or WGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 46)).In some embodiments, the light chain HVR sequences comprise the following:a) HVR-L1 (SATSSVSYMH (SEQ ID NO: 64)); b) HVR-L2(STSNLAS (SEQ ID NO: 65)); and c) HVR-L3(QQRSSYPFT (SEQ ID NO: 66); or QQRSSYPYT (SEQ ID NO: 71)).In some embodiments, the light chain HVR sequences comprise the following:a) HVR-L1 (SASSSVSYMH (SEQ ID NO: 97); RASQDITNYLN (SEQ ID NO: 98); orSASSSVSYMY (SEQ ID NO: 99)); b) HVR-L2(DTSKLAY (SEQ ID NO: 100); FTSRLHS (SEQ ID NO: 101); or DTSSLAS(SEQ ID NO: 102)); and c) HVR-L3(QQWSSNPPT (SEQ ID NO: 103); QQGNTLPWT (SEQ ID NO: 104); orQQWNSDPYT (SEQ ID NO: 105)).In some embodiments, the light chain FR sequences comprise the following:a) LC-FR1 (EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSC (SEQ ID NO: 48); orEIILTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSC (SEQ ID NO: 49)); b) LC-FR2(WFQQKPGQAPRLLIY (SEQ ID NO: 51); WFQQKPGQAPRLWIY (SEQ ID NO: 52); orWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY (SEQ ID NO: 53)); c) LC-FR3(GIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC (SEQ ID NO: 55);GVPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC (SEQ ID NO: 56);GVPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC (SEQ ID NO: 57); orGIPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC (SEQ ID NO: 58)); and d) LC-FR4(FGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 60)).

In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody (e.g.,a humanized anti-Siglec-8) antibody that binds to human Siglec-8,wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region and a lightchain variable region, wherein the antibody comprises:

-   -   (a) heavy chain variable domain comprising:    -   (1) an HC-FR1 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:26-29;    -   (2) an HVR-H1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:61;    -   (3) an HC-FR2 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:31-36;    -   (4) an HVR-H2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:62;    -   (5) an HC-FR3 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:38-43;    -   (6) an HVR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:63; and    -   (7) an HC-FR4 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:45-46.    -   and/or    -   (b) a light chain variable domain comprising:    -   (1) an LC-FR1 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:48-49;    -   (2) an HVR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:64;    -   (3) an LC-FR2 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:51-53;    -   (4) an HVR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:65;    -   (5) an LC-FR3 comprising the amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs:55-58;    -   (6) an HVR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:66; and    -   (7) an LC-FR4 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO:60.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising aheavy chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NOs:2-10 and/orcomprising a light chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NOs:16-22.In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising aheavy chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NOs:2-10 and/orcomprising a light chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NO:23 or24. In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NOs:11-14and/or comprising a light chain variable domain selected from SEQ IDNOs:16-22. In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NOs:11-14and/or comprising a light chain variable domain selected from SEQ IDNO:23 or 24. In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:6 and/orcomprising a light chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NO:16 or21.

In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising aheavy chain variable domain selected from SEQ ID NOs:106-108 and/orcomprising a light chain variable domain selected from SEQ IDNOs:109-111. In one aspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:106 and/orcomprising a light chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:109. In oneaspect, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising a heavychain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:107 and/or comprising a light chainvariable domain of SEQ ID NO:110. In one aspect, provided herein is ananti-Siglec-8 antibody comprising a heavy chain variable domain of SEQID NO:108 and/or comprising a light chain variable domain of SEQ IDNO:111.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acidsequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:2-14. In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8antibody comprising a heavy chain variable domain comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs:106-108. In some embodiments, an amino acid sequence havingat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequenceidentity contains substitutions, insertions, or deletions relative tothe reference sequence, but an antibody comprising that amino acidsequence retains the ability to bind to human Siglec-8. In someembodiments, the substitutions, insertions, or deletions (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 amino acids) occur in regions outside the HVRs (i.e., in theFRs). In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavychain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:106-108.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acidsequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs:16-24. In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8antibody comprising a light chain variable domain comprising an aminoacid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs:109-111. In some embodiments, an amino acid sequence havingat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequenceidentity contains substitutions, insertions, or deletions relative tothe reference sequence, but an antibody comprising that amino acidsequence retains the ability to bind to human Siglec-8. In someembodiments, the substitutions, insertions, or deletions (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 amino acids) occur in regions outside the HVRs (i.e., in theFRs). In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a lightchain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16or 21. In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavychain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs:109-111.

In one aspect, the invention provides an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising (a) one, two, or three VH HVRs selected from those shown inTable 1 and/or (b) one, two, or three VL HVRs selected from those shownin Table 1.

In one aspect, the invention provides an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising (a) one, two, or three V H HVRs selected from those shown inTable 2 and/or (b) one, two, or three VL HVRs selected from those shownin Table 2.

In one aspect, the invention provides an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising (a) one, two, three or four VH FRs selected from those shownin Table 3 and/or (b) one, two, three or four VL FRs selected from thoseshown in Table 3.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain and/or a light chain variabledomain of an antibody shown in Table 4, for example, HAKA antibody, HAKBantibody, HAKC antibody, etc.

TABLE 1 Amino acid sequences of HVRs of antibodies Antibody Chain HVR1HVR2 HVR3 2E2 antibody Heavy chain IYGAH VIWAGGSTNYNSALMS DGSSPYYYSMEYSEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 62 SEQ ID NO: 63 Light chain SATSSVSYMH STSNLASQQRSSYPFT SEQ ID NO: 64 SEQ ID NO: 65 SEQ ID NO: 66Humanized Heavy Chain Variants 2E2 RHA, 2E2 RHB, 2E2 RHC, 2E2 RHD, 2E2 RHE,2E2 RHF, 2E2 RHG, 2E2 RHA2, and 2E2 RHB2 Heavy chain TYGAHVIWAGGSTNYNSALMS DGSSPYYYSMEY SEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 62 SEQ ID NO: 63Humanized Light Chain Variants 2E2 RKA, 2E2 RKB, 2E2 RKC, 2E2 RKD, 2E2 RKE,2E2 RKF, and 2E2 RKG Light chain SATSSVSYMH STSNLAS QQRSSYPFTSEQ ID NO: 64 SEQ ID NO: 65 SEQ ID NO: 66Humanized Heavy Chain Variants 2E2 RHE S-G, 2E2 RHE E-D, 2E2 RHE Y-V, and2E2 RHE triple 2E2 RHE S-G IYGAH VIWAGGSTNYNSALMS DGSSPYYYGMEYSEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 62 SEQ ID NO: 67 2E2 RHE E-D IYGAHVIWAGGSTNYNSALMS DGSSPYYYSMDY SEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 62 SEQ ID NO: 682E2 RHE Y-V IYGAH VIWAGGSTNYNSALMS DGSSPYYYSMEV SEQ ID NO: 61SEQ ID NO: 62 SEQ ID NO: 69 2E2 RHE triple IYGAH VIWAGGSTNYNSALMSDGSSPYYYGMDV SEQ ID NO: 61 SEQ ID NO: 62 SEQ ID NO: 70Humanized Light Chain Variants 2E2 RKA F-Y and 2E2 RKF F-Y 2E2 RKA F-YSATSSVSYMH STSNLAS QQRSSYPYT SEQ ID NO: 64 SEQ ID NO: 65 SEQ ID NO: 712E2 RKF F-Y SATSSVSYMH STSNLAS QQRSSYPYT SEQ ID NO: 64 SEQ ID NO: 65SEQ ID NO: 71

TABLE 2Amino acid sequences of HVRs from murine 1C3, 1H10, and 4F11 antibodiesAntibody Chain HVR1 HVR2 HVR3 1C3 Heavy Chain SYAMS IISSGGSYTYYSDSVKGHETAQAAWFAY SEQ ID NO: 88 SEQ ID NO: 91 SEQ ID NO: 94 1H10 Heavy ChainDYYMY RIAPEDGDTEYAPKFQG EGNYYGSSILDY SEQ ID NO: 89 SEQ ID NO: 92SEQ ID NO: 95 4F11 Heavy Chain SSWMN QIYPGDDYTNYNGKFKG LGPYGPFADSEQ ID NO: 90 SEQ ID NO: 93 SEQ ID NO: 96 1C3 Light Chain SASSSVSYMHDTSKLAY QQWSSNPPT SEQ ID NO: 97 SEQ ID NO: 100 SEQ ID NO: 103 1H10Light Chain RASQDITNYLN FTSRLHS QQGNTLPWT SEQ ID NO: 98 SEQ ID NO: 101SEQ ID NO: 104 4F11 Light Chain SASSSVSYMY DTSSLAS QQWNSDPYTSEQ ID NO: 99 SEQ ID NO: 102 SEQ ID NO: 105

TABLE 3 Amino acid sequences of FRs of antibodies Heavy Chain FR1 FR2FR3 FR4 2E2 QVQLKESGPGLVA WVRQPPGKGLEW RLSISKDNSKSQVF WGQGTSVTVSSPSQSLSITCTVSGFS LG LKINSLQTDDTAL (SEQ ID NO: 44) LT (SEQ ID NO: 30)YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 37) 2E2 RHA EVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEWRFTISKDNSKNTVY WGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VS LQMNSLRAEDTAV(SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 31) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26)(SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHB EVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RLSISKDNSKNTVYWGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAVSGF LG LQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT(SEQ ID NO: 32) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 27) (SEQ ID NO: 39) 2E2 RHCEVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVY WGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAVSGF VSLQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 31) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHD EVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVYWGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF LS LQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT(SEQ ID NO: 33) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHEEVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVY WGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VGLQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 34) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26)(SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHF EVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RLTISKDNSKNTVWGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VS YLQMNSLRAEDTA (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT(SEQ ID NO: 31) VYYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 40) 2E2 RHGEVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFSISKDNSKNTVY WGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VSLQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 31) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26)(SEQ ID NO: 41) 2E2 RHA2 QVQLQESGPGLVK WIRQPPGKGLEWI RVTISVDTSKNQFSWGQGTLVTVSS PSETLSLTCTVSGG G LKLSSVTAADTAV (SEQ ID NO: 46) SIS(SEQ ID NO: 35) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 28) (SEQ ID NO: 42) 2E2 RHB2QVQLQESGPGLVK WVRQPPGKGLEW RLSISKDNSKNQVS WGQGTLVTVSS PSETLSLTCTVSGF LGLKLSSVTAADTAV (SEQ ID NO: 46) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 36) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 29)(SEQ ID NO: 43) 2E2 RHE S-G EVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVYWGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VG LQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT(SEQ ID NO: 34) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHE E-DEVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVY WGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VGLQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 34) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26)(SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHE Y-V EVQLVESGGGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVYWGQGTTVTVSS PGGSLRLSCAASGF VG LQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT(SEQ ID NO: 34) YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 38) 2E2 RHEEVQLVESGOGLVQ WVRQAPGKGLEW RFTISKDNSKNTVY WGQGTTVTVSS triplePGGSLRLSCAASGP VG LQMNSLRAEDTAV (SEQ ID NO: 45) SLT (SEQ ID NO: 34)YYCAR (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 38) Light Chain FR1 FR2 FR3 FR4 2E2QIILTQSPAIMSASP WPQQKPGTSPKLW GVPVRFSGSGSGTS FGSGTKLEIK GEKVSITC IYYSLTISRMEAEDA (SEQ ID NO: 59) (SEQ ID NO: 47) (SEQ ID NO: 50) ATYYC(SEQ ID NO: 54) RKA EIVLTQSPATLSLSP WFQQKPGQAPRLL GIPARFSGSGSGTDFGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC IY FTLTISSLEPEDFAV (SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 48)(SEQ ID NO: 51) YYC (SEQ ID NO: 55) RKB EIILTQSPATLSLSP WFQQKPGQAPRILGVPARFSGSGSGT FGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC WIY DYTLTISSLEPEDF (SEQ ID NO: 60)(SEQ ID NO: 49) (SEQ ID NO: 52) AVYYC (SEQ ID NO: 56) RKCEIILTQSPATLSLSP WFQQKPGQAPRLL GIPARFSGSGSGTD FGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC TYFTLTISSLEPEDFAV (SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 49) (SEQ ID NO: 51) YYC(SEQ ID NO: 55) RKD EIVLTQSPATLSLSP WFQQKPGQAPRL GIPARFSGSGSGTDFGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC WIY FTLTISSLEPEDFAV (SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 48)(SEQ ID NO: 52) YYC (SEQ ID NO: 55) RKE EIVLTQSPATLSLSP WFQQKPGQAPRLLGVPARFSGSGSGT FGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC IY DFTLTISSLEPEDFA (SEQ ID NO: 60)(SEQ ID NO: 48) (SEQ ID NO: 51) VYYC (SEQ ID NO: 57) RKF EIVLTQSPATLSLSPWFQQKPGQAPRLL GIPARFSGSGSGTD FGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC IY YTLTISSLEPEDFA(SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 48) (SEQ ID NO: 51) VYYC (SEQ ID NO: 58) RKGEIVLTQSPATLSLSP WYQQKPGQAPRL GIPARFSGSGSGTD FGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC LIYFTLTISSLEPEDFAV (SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 48) (SEQ ID NO: 53) YYC(SEQ ID NO: 55) RKA F-Y EIVLTQSPATLSLSP WFQQKPGQAPRLL GIPARFSGSGSGTDFGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC IY FTLTISSLEPEDFAV (SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 48)(SEQ ID NO: 51) YYC (SEQ ID NO: 55) RKF F-Y EIVLTQSPATLSLSPWFQQKPGQAPRLL GIPARFSGSGSGTD FGPGTKLDIK GERATLSC IY YTLTISSLEPEDFA(SEQ ID NO: 60) (SEQ ID NO: 48) (SEQ ID NO: 51) VYYC (SEQ ID NO: 55)

TABLE 4 Amino acid sequences of variable regions of antibodies AntibodyName Variable Heavy Chain Variable Light Chain ch2C4 ch2C4 VH ch2C4 VKch2E2 ch2E2 VH (SEQ ID NO: 1) ch2E2 VK (SEQ ID NO: 15) cVHKA ch2E2 VH(SEQ ID NO: 1) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) cVHKB ch2E2 VH (SEQ ID NO: 1) 2E2RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HAcVK 2E2 RHA (SEQ ID NO: 2) ch2E2 VK (SEQ ID NO:15) HBcVK 2E2 RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3) ch2E2 VK (SEQ ID NO: 15) HAKA 2E2 RHA(SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HAKB 2E2 RHA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HAKC 2E2 RHA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18)HAKD 2E2 RHA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) HAKE 2E2 RHA (SEQ IDNO: 2) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HAKF 2E2 RHA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2 RKF (SEQID NO: 21) HAKG 2E2 RHA (SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) HBKA 2E2RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HBKB 2E2 RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3)2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HBKC 2E2 RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO:18) HBKD 2E2 RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) HBKE 2E2 RHB(SEQ ID NO: 3) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HBKF 2E2 RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3) 2E2RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HBKG 2E2 RHB (SEQ ID NO: 3) 2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22)HCKA 2E2 RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HCKB 2E2 RHC (SEQ IDNO: 4) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HCKC 2E2 RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4) 2E2 RKC (SEQID NO: 18) HCKD 2E2 RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) HCKE 2E2RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HCKF 2E2 RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4)2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HCKG 2E2 RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4) 2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO:22) HDKA 2E2 RHD (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HDKB 2E2 RHD(SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HDKC 2E2 RHD (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) HDKD 2E2 RHD (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19)HDKE 2E2 RHD (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HDKF 2E2 RHD (SEQ IDNO: 5) 2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HDKG 2E2 RHD (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2 RKG (SEQID NO: 22) HEKA 2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HEKB 2E2RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HEKC 2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6)2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) HEKD 2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO:19) HEKE 2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HEKF 2E2 RHE(SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HEKG 2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) HFKA 2E2 RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16)HFKB 2E2 RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HFKC 2E2 RHF (SEQ IDNO: 7) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) HFKD 2E2 RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) 2E2 RKD (SEQID NO: 19) HFKE 2E2 RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HFKF 2E2RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) 2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HFKG 2E2 RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7)2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) HGKA 2E2 RHG (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO:16) HGKB 2E2 RHG (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HGKC 2E2 RHG(SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) HGKD 2E2 RHG (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) HGKE 2E2 RHG (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20)HGKF 2E2 RHG (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HGHG 2E2 RHG (SEQ IDNO: 8) 2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) HA2KA 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKA(SEQ ID NO: 16) HA2KB 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17)HB2KA 2E2 RHB2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HB2KB 2E2 RHB2(SEQ ID NO: 10) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) HA2KF 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9)2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) HB2KF 2E2 RHB2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 2E2 RKF (SEQ IDNO: 21) HA2KC 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) HA2KD 2E2RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) HA2KE 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO:9) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) HA2KF 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKF (SEQ IDNO: 21) HA2KG 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) HB2KC 2E2RHB2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) HB2KD 2E2 RHB2 (SEQ ID NO:10) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) HB2KE 2E2 RHB2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 2E2 RKE (SEQID NO: 20) HA2KFmut 2E2 RHA2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO:24) HB2KFmut 2E2 RHB2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24)HEKAmut 2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKA F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 23) HEKFmut2E2 RHE (SEQ ID NO: 6) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) HAKFmut 2E2 RHA(SEQ ID NO: 2) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) HBKFmut 2E2 RHB (SEQ IDNO: 3) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) HCKFmut 2E2 RHC (SEQ ID NO: 4)2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) HDKFmut 2E2 RHD (SEQ ID NO: 5) 2E2 RKFF-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) HFKFmut 2E2 RHF (SEQ ID NO: 7) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut(SEQ ID NO: 24) HGKFmut 2E2 RHG (SEQ ID NO: 8) 2E2 RKF F-Y mut (SEQ IDNO: 24) RHE Y-VKA 2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQ ID NO: 13) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16)RHE Y-VKB 2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQ ID NO: 13) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) RHE Y-VKC2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQ ID NO: 13) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) RHE Y-VKD 2E2 RHEY-V (SEQ ID NO: 13) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) RHE Y-VKE 2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQID NO: 13) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) RHE Y-VKF 2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQ ID NO: 13)2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) RHE Y-VKG 2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQ ID NO: 13) 2E2 RKG(SEQ ID NO: 22) RHE E-DKA 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKA (SEQ IDNO: 16) RHE E-DKB 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17)RHE E-DKC 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) RHE E-DKD2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) RHE E-DKE 2E2 RHEE-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) RHE E-DKF 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQID NO: 12) 2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) RHE E-DKG 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12)2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) RHE E-DKFmut 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKFF-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) RHE S-GKA 2E2 RHE S-G (SEQ ID NO: 11) 2E2 RKA(SEQ ID NO: 16) RHE S-GKB 2E2 RHE S-G (SEQ ID NO: 11) 2E2 RKB (SEQ IDNO: 17) RHE S-GKC 2E2 RHE S-G (SEQ ID NO: 11) 2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18)RHE S-GKD 2E2 RHE S-G (SEQ ID NO: 11) 2E2 RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) RHE S-GKE2E2 RHE S-G (SEQ ID NO: 11) 2E2 RKE (SEQ ID NO: 20) RHE S-GKF 2E2 RHES-G (SEQ ID NO: 11) 2E2 RKF (SEQ ID NO: 21) RHE S-GKG 2E2 RHE S-G (SEQID NO: 11) 2E2 RKG (SEQ ID NO: 22) RHE Triple-KA 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ IDNO: 14) 2E2 RKA (SEQ ID NO: 16) RHE Triple-KB 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO:14) 2E2 RKB (SEQ ID NO: 17) RHE Triple-KC 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO: 14)2E2 RKC (SEQ ID NO: 18) RHE Triple-KD 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO: 14) 2E2RKD (SEQ ID NO: 19) RHE Triple-KE 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO: 14) 2E2 RKE(SEQ ID NO: 20) RHE Triple-KF 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO: 14) 2E2 RKF(SEQ ID NO: 21) RHE Triple-KG 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO: 14) 2E2 RKG(SEQ ID NO: 22) RHE Triple-KFmut 2E2 RHE triple (SEQ ID NO: 14) 2E2 RKFF-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) RHE Y-VKFmut 2E2 RHE Y-V (SEQ ID NO: 13) 2E2 RKFF-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24) RHE E-DKFmut 2E2 RHE E-D (SEQ ID NO: 12) 2E2 RKFF-Y mut (SEQ ID NO: 24)

There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM,having heavy chains designated α, δ, ε, γ and μ, respectively. The γ anda classes are further divided into subclasses e.g., humans express thefollowing subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2. IgG1antibodies can exist in multiple polymorphic variants termed allotypes(reviewed in Jefferis and Lefranc 2009, mAbs Vol 1 Issue 4 1-7) any ofwhich are suitable for use in some of the embodiments herein. Commonallotypic variants in human populations are those designated by theletters a, f, n, z or combinations thereof. In any of the embodimentsherein, the antibody may comprise a heavy chain Fc region comprising ahuman IgG Fc region. In further embodiments, the human IgG Fc regioncomprises a human IgG1 or IgG4. In some embodiments, the human IgG4comprises the amino acid substitution S228P, wherein the amino acidresidues are numbered according to the EU index as in Kabat. In someembodiments, the human IgG1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:78. In some embodiments, the human IgG4 comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:79.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an anti-Siglec-8 antibodycomprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:75; and/or a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs:76 or 77. In some embodiments, the antibody may comprisea heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:87; and/ora light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:76. Insome embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody induces apoptosis ofactivated eosinophils. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibodyinduces apoptosis of resting eosinophils. In some embodiments, theanti-Siglec-8 antibody depletes activated eosinophils and inhibits mastcell activation. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibodydepletes or reduces mast cells and inhibits mast cell activation. Insome embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody depleted or reduces thenumber of mast cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibodykills mast cells by ADCC activity. In some embodiments herein, theantibody depletes or reduces mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a tissue(e.g., bone marrow). In some embodiments herein, the antibody depletesor reduces mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a biological fluid (e.g.,blood).

1. Antibody Affinity

In some aspects, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein binds tohuman Siglec-8 with about the same or higher affinity and/or higheravidity as compared to mouse antibody 2E2 and/or mouse antibody 2C4. Incertain embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody provided herein has adissociation constant (Kd) of ≤1 μM, ≤150 nM, ≤100 nM, ≤50 nM, ≤10 nM,≤1 nM, ≤0.1 nM, ≤0.01 nM, or ≤0.001 nM (e.g. 10-8 M or less, e.g. from10-8 M to 10-13 M, e.g., from 10-9 M to 10-13 M). In some embodiments,an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein binds to human Siglec-8 atabout 1.5-fold, about 2-fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold,about 6-fold, about 7-fold, about 8-fold, about 9-fold or about 10-foldhigher affinity than mouse antibody 2E2 and/or mouse antibody 2C4. Insome embodiments herein, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavychain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6;and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs:16 or 21.

In one embodiment, the binding affinity of the anti-Siglec-8 antibodycan be determined by a surface plasmon resonance assay. For example, theKd or Kd value can be measured by using a BIAcore™-2000 or aBIAcore™-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) at 25° C. withimmobilized antigen CM5 chips at ˜10 response units (RU). Briefly,carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIAcore® Inc.) areactivated with N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to thesupplier's instructions. Capture antibodies (e.g., anti-human-Fc) arediluted with 10 mM sodium acetate. pH 4.8, before injection at a flowrate of 30 μl/minute and further immobilized with an anti-Siglec-8antibody. For kinetics measurements, two-fold serial dilutions ofdimeric Siglec-8 are injected in PBS with 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) at 25°C. at a flow rate of approximately 25 μl/min. Association rates (kon)and dissociation rates (koff) are calculated using a simple one-to-oneLangmuir binding model (BIAcore® Evaluation Software version 3.2) bysimultaneously fitting the association and dissociation sensorgrams. Theequilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is calculated as the ratiokoff/kon. See, e.g., Chen, Y., et al., (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 293:865-881.

In another embodiment, biolayer interferometry may be used to determinethe affinity of anti-Siglec-8 antibodies against Siglec-8. In anexemplary assay. Siglec-8-Fc tagged protein is immobilized ontoanti-human capture sensors, and incubated with increasing concentrationsof mouse, chimeric, or humanized anti-Siglec-8 Fab fragments to obtainaffinity measurements using an instrument such as, for example, theOctet Red 384 System (ForteBio).

The binding affinity of the anti-Siglec-8 antibody can, for example,also be determined by the Scatchard analysis described in Munson et al.,Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980) using standard techniques well known inthe relevant art. See also Scatchard. G., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:660(1947).

2. Antibody Avidity

In one embodiment, the binding avidity of the anti-Siglec-8 antibody canbe determined by a surface plasmon resonance assay. For example, the Kdor Kd value can be measured by using a BIAcore T100. Capture antibodies(e.g., goat-anti-human-Fc and goat-anti-mouse-Fc) are immobilized on aCM5 chip. Flow-cells can be immobilized with anti-human or withanti-mouse antibodies. The assay is conducted at a certain temperatureand flow rate, for example, at 25° C. at a flow rate of 30 μl/min.Dimeric Siglec-8 is diluted in assay buffer at various concentrations,for example, at a concentration ranging from 15 nM to 1.88 pM.Antibodies are captured and high performance injections are conducted,followed by dissociations. Flow cells are regenerated with a buffer, forexample, 50 mM glycine pH 1.5. Results are blanked with an emptyreference cell and multiple assay buffer injections, and analyzed with1:1 global fit parameters.

3. Competition Assays

Competition-assays can be used to determine whether two antibodies bindthe same epitope by recognizing identical or sterically overlappingepitopes or one antibody competitively inhibits binding of anotherantibody to the antigen. These assays are known in the art. Typically,antigen or antigen expressing cells is immobilized on a multi-well plateand the ability of unlabeled antibodies to block the binding of labeledantibodies is measured. Common labels for such competition assays areradioactive labels or enzyme labels. In some embodiments, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein competes with a 2E2 antibodydescribed herein, for binding to the epitope present on the cell surfaceof a cell (e.g., an eosinophil or a mast cell). In some embodiments, ananti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein competes with an antibodycomprising a heavy chain variable domain comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and a light chain variable region comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15, for binding to the epitopepresent on the cell surface of a cell (e.g., an eosinophil or a mastcell). In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described hereincompetes with a 2C4 antibody described herein, for binding to theepitope present on the cell surface of a cell (e.g., an eosinophil or amast cell). In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody describedherein competes with an antibody comprising a heavy chain variabledomain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 (as found inU.S. Pat. No. 8,207,305), and a light chain variable region comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 (as found in U.S. Pat. No.8,207,305), for binding to the epitope present on the cell surface of acell (e.g., an eosinophil or a mast cell).

4. Thermal Stability

In some aspects, an anti-Siglec-8 described herein has a meltingtemperature (Tm) of at least about 70° C., at least about 71° C., or atleast about 72° C. in a thermal shift assay. In an exemplary thermalshift assay, samples comprising a humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody areincubated with a fluorescent dye (Sypro Orange) for 71 cycles with 1° C.increase per cycle in a qPCR thermal cycler to determine the Tm. In someembodiments herein, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody has a similar or higherTm as compared to mouse 2E2 antibody and/or mouse 2C4 antibody. In someembodiments herein, the anti-Siglec-8 antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6;and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs:16 or 21. In some embodiments, theanti-Siglec-8 antibody has the same or higher Tm as compared to achimeric 2C4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Siglec-8 antibodyhas the same or higher Tm as compared to an antibody having a heavychain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:84 and a lightchain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:85.

5. Biological Activity Assays

In some aspects, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein inducesapoptosis of cosinophils. In some other aspects, an anti-Siglec-8antibody described herein depletes mast cells. Assays for assessingapoptosis of cells are well known in the art, for example staining withAnnexin V and the TUNNEL assay. In an exemplary cell apoptosis assay,fresh buffy coat from a blood sample is resuspended in media and platedin a 96-well U-bottom plate. A series of serial 5-fold dilutions ofanti-Siglec-8 antibody is added to each well and the plate is incubatedat 37° C. at 5% CO₂ for greater than four hours. The cells are fixedwith paraformaldehyde diluted in PBS and stained with conjugatedantibodies specific for eosinophils for detection using a microscope.The eosinophil population in the total peripheral blood leukocytes isevaluated when the buffy coat is incubated in the presence of theanti-Siglec-8 antibody as compared to when the buffy coat is notincubated in the presence of the anti-Siglec-8 antibody. In anotherexemplary assay, eosinophils purified from a blood sample (e.g.,Miltenyi Eosinophil Isolation Kit) are resuspended in media and culturedin the presence or absence of IL-5 overnight. The cultured eosinophilsare subsequently harvested by centrifugation, resuspended in media, andplated in a 96-well U-bottom plate. A series of serial 5-fold dilutionsof anti-Siglec-8 antibody is added to each well and the plate isincubated at 37° C. at 5% CO₂ for greater than four hours. The cells arefixed and stained with Annexin-V using standard techniques well known inthe art the number of eosinophils is detected using a microscope. Theeosinophil population in the sample is evaluated when the purified cellsare incubated in the presence of the anti-Siglec-8 antibody as comparedto when the purified cells are not incubated in the presence of theanti-Siglec-8 antibody.

In some aspects, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein induces ADCCactivity. In some other aspects, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody describedherein kills mast cells expressing Siglec-8 by ADCC activity. In someembodiments, a composition comprises non-fucosylated (i.e.,afucosylated) anti-Siglec-8 antibodies. In some embodiments, acomposition comprising non-fucosylated anti-Siglec-8 antibodiesdescribed herein enhances ADCC activity as compared to a compositioncomprising partially fucosylated anti-Siglec-8 antibodies. Assays forassessing ADCC activity are well known in the art and described herein.In an exemplary assay, to measure ADCC activity, effector cells andtarget cells are used. Examples of effector cells include natural killer(NK) cells, large granular lymphocytes (LGL), lymphokine-activatedkiller (LAK) cells and PBMC comprising NK and LGL, or leukocytes havingFc receptors on the cell surfaces, such as neutrophils, eosinophils andmacrophages. Effector cells can be isolated from any source includingindividuals with a disease of interest (e.g., advanced systemicmastocytosis). The target cell is any cell which expresses on the cellsurface antigens that antibodies to be evaluated can recognize. Anexample of such a target cell is an eosinophil which expresses Siglec-8on the cell surface. Another example of such a target cell is a mastcell which expresses Siglec-8 on the cell surface (e.g., a mast cellfrom individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis). Another example ofsuch a target cell is a cell line (e.g., Ramos cell line) whichexpresses Siglec-8 on the cell surface (e.g., Ramos 2C10)). Target cellscan be labeled with a reagent that enables detection of cytolysis.Examples of reagents for labeling include a radio-active substance suchas sodium chromate (Na₂ ⁵¹CrO₄). See, e.g., Immunology, 14, 181 (1968);J. Immunol. Methods., 172, 227 (1994); and J. Immunol. Methods., 184, 29(1995).

In another exemplary assay to assess ADCC and apoptotic activity ofanti-Siglec-8 antibodies on mast cells, human mast cells are isolatedfrom human tissues (e.g., bone marrow) or biological fluids (e.g.,blood) according to published protocols (Guhl et al., Biosci.Biotechnol. Biochem., 2011, 75:382-384; Kulka et al., In CurrentProtocols in Immunology. 2001, (John Wiley & Sons. Inc.)) ordifferentiated from human hematopoietic stem cells, for example asdescribed by Yokoi et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol., 2008, 121:499-505.Purified mast cells are resuspended in Complete RPMI medium in a sterile96-well U-bottom plate and incubated in the presence or absence ofanti-Siglec-8 antibodies for 30 minutes at concentrations rangingbetween 0.0001 ng/ml and 10 μg/ml. Samples are incubated for a further 4to 48 hours with and without purified natural killer (NK) cells or freshPBL to induce ADCC. Cell-killing by apoptosis or ADCC is analyzed byflow cytometry using fluorescent conjugated antibodies to detect mastcells (CD117 and FcεR1) and Annexin-V and 7AAD to discriminate live anddead or dying cells. Annexin-V and 7AAD staining are performed accordingto manufacturer's instructions.

ADCC activity induced by anti-Siglec-8 antibodies described herein canbe assayed using a method described herein, including the methodsdescribed in Example 1.

In some aspects, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein inhibitsmast cell-mediated activities. Mast cell tryptase has been used as abiomarker for total mast cell number and activation. For example, totaland active tryptase as well as histamine, N-methyl histamine, and11-beta-prostaglandin F2 can be measured in blood or urine to assess thereduction in mast cells. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. US 20110293631 for an exemplary mast cell activity assay.

Antibody Preparation

The antibody described herein (e.g., an antibody that binds to humanSiglec-8) is prepared using techniques available in the art forgenerating antibodies, exemplary methods of which are described in moredetail in the following sections.

1. Antibody Fragments

The present invention encompasses antibody fragments. Antibody fragmentsmay be generated by traditional means, such as enzymatic digestion, orby recombinant techniques. In certain circumstances there are advantagesof using antibody fragments, rather than whole antibodies. For a reviewof certain antibody fragments, see Hudson et al. (2003) Nat. Med.9:129-134.

Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibodyfragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolyticdigestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al., Journal ofBiochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117 (1992); and Brennan etal., Science, 229:81 (1985)). However, these fragments can now beproduced directly by recombinant host cells. Fab, Fv and ScFv antibodyfragments can all be expressed in and secreted from E. coli, thusallowing the facile production of large amounts of these fragments.Antibody fragments can be isolated from the antibody phage librariesdiscussed above. Alternatively. Fab′-SH fragments can be directlyrecovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab′)₂ fragments(Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10: 163-167 (1992)). According to anotherapproach, F(ab′)₂ fragments can be isolated directly from recombinanthost cell culture. Fab and F(ab′)₂ fragment with increased in vivohalf-life comprising salvage receptor binding epitope residues aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,046. Other techniques for theproduction of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilledpractitioner. In certain embodiments, an antibody is a single chain Fvfragment (scFv). See WO 93/16185; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,894; and5,587,458. Fv and scFv are the only species with intact combining sitesthat are devoid of constant regions; thus, they may be suitable forreduced nonspecific binding during in vivo use. scFv fusion proteins maybe constructed to yield fusion of an effector protein at either theamino or the carboxy terminus of an scFv. See Antibody Engineering, ed.Borrebaeck, supra. The antibody fragment may also be a “linearantibody”. e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870, for example.Such linear antibodies may be monospecific or bispecific.

2. Humanized Antibodies

The invention encompasses humanized antibodies. Various methods forhumanizing non-human antibodies are known in the art. For example, ahumanized antibody can have one or more amino acid residues introducedinto it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acidresidues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typicallytaken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentiallyperformed following the method of Winter (Jones et al. (1986) Nature321:522-525; Riechmann et al. (1988) Nature 332:323-327; Verhoeyen etal. (1988) Science 239:1534-1536), by substituting hypervariable regionsequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S.Pat. No. 4,816,567) wherein substantially less than an intact humanvariable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence froma non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typicallyhuman antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues andpossibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogoussites in rodent antibodies.

The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be usedin making the humanized antibodies can be important to reduceantigenicity. According to the so-called “best-fit”method, the sequenceof the variable domain of a rodent (e.g., mouse) antibody is screenedagainst the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences. Thehuman sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then acceptedas the human framework for the humanized antibody (Sims et al. (1993) J.Immunol. 151:2296; Chothia et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901. Anothermethod uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequenceof all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavychains. The same framework may be used for several different humanizedantibodies (Carter et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:4285;Presta et al. (1993) J. Immunol., 151:2623.

It is further generally desirable that antibodies be humanized withretention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorablebiological properties. To achieve this goal, according to one method,humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of theparental sequences and various conceptual humanized products usingthree-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and arefamiliar to those, skilled in the art. Computer programs are availablewhich illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformationalstructures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection ofthese displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues inthe functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., theanalysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidateimmunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way. FR residues can beselected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so thatthe desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for thetarget antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the hypervariable regionresidues are directly and most substantially involved in influencingantigen binding.

3. Human Antibodies

Human anti-Siglec-8 antibodies of the invention can be constructed bycombining Fv clone variable domain sequence(s) selected fromhuman-derived phage display libraries with known human constant domainsequences(s). Alternatively, human monoclonal anti-Siglec-8 antibodiesof the invention can be made by the hybridoma method. Human myeloma andmouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines for the production of humanmonoclonal antibodies have been described, for example, by Kozbor J.Immunol., 133: 3001 (1984); Brodeur et al., Monoclonal AntibodyProduction Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, 1987); and Boerner et al., J. Immunol., 147: 86 (1991).

It is possible to produce transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that arecapable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of humanantibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production. Forexample, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of theantibody heavy-chain joining region (JH) gene in chimeric and germ-linemutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibodyproduction. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array insuch germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of humanantibodies upon antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature. 362:255 (1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immunol., 7: 33 (1993).

Gene shuffling can also be used to derive human antibodies fromnon-human (e.g., rodent) antibodies, where the human antibody hassimilar affinities and specificities to the starting non-human antibody.According to this method, which is also called “epitope imprinting”,either the heavy or light chain variable region of a non-human antibodyfragment obtained by phage display techniques as described herein isreplaced with a repertoire of human V domain genes, creating apopulation of non-human chain/human chain scFv or Fab chimeras.Selection with antigen results in isolation of a non-human chain/humanchain chimeric scFv or Fab wherein the human chain restores the antigenbinding site destroyed upon removal of the corresponding non-human chainin the primary phage display clone, i.e., the epitope governs the choiceof the human chain partner. When the process is repeated in order toreplace the remaining non-human chain, a human antibody is obtained (seePCT WO 93/06213 published Apr. 1, 1993). Unlike traditional humanizationof non-human antibodies by CDR grafting, this technique providescompletely human antibodies, which have no FR or CDR residues ofnon-human origin.

4. Bispecific Antibodies

Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that have bindingspecificities for at least two different antigens. In certainembodiments, bispecific antibodies are human or humanized antibodies. Incertain embodiments, one of the binding specificities is for Siglec-8and the other is for any other antigen. In certain embodiments,bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of Siglec-8.Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents tocells which express Siglec-8. Bispecific antibodies can be prepared asfull length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g. F(ab′)₂ bispecificantibodies).

Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art. SeeMilstein and Cuello, Nature, 305: 537 (1983), WO 93/08829 published May13, 1993, and Traunecker et al., EMBO J., 10: 3655 (1991). For furtherdetails of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example. Suresh etal., Methods in Enzymology, 121:210 (1986). Bispecific antibodiesinclude cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, oneof the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, theother to biotin. Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using anyconvenient cross-linking method. Suitable cross-linking agents are wellknown in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, alongwith a number of cross-linking techniques.

5. Single-Domain Antibodies

In some embodiments, an antibody of the invention is a single-domainantibody. A single-domain antibody is a single polypeptide chaincomprising all or a portion of the heavy chain variable domain or all ora portion of the light chain variable domain of an antibody. In certainembodiments, a single-domain antibody is a human single-domain antibody(Domantis, Inc., Waltham. Mass.; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,516 B1).In one embodiment, a single-domain antibody consists of all or a portionof the heavy chain variable domain of an antibody.

6. Antibody Variants

In some embodiments, amino acid sequence modification(s) of theantibodies described herein are contemplated. For example, it may bedesirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other biologicalproperties of the antibody. Amino acid sequence variants of the antibodymay be prepared by introducing appropriate changes into the nucleotidesequence encoding the antibody, or by peptide synthesis. Suchmodifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertionsinto and/or substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequencesof the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, andsubstitution can be made to arrive at the final construct, provided thatthe final construct possesses the desired characteristics. The aminoacid alterations may be introduced in the subject antibody amino acidsequence at the time that sequence is made.

A useful method for identification of certain residues or regions of theantibody that are preferred locations for mutagenesis is called “alaninescanning mutagenesis” as described by Cunningham and Wells (1989)Science, 244:1081-1085. Here, a residue or group of target residues areidentified (e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu)and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (e.g.,alanine or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acidswith antigen. Those amino acid locations demonstrating functionalsensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing furtheror other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution. Thus, while thesite for introducing an amino acid sequence variation is predetermined,the nature of the mutation per se need not be predetermined. Forexample, to analyze the performance of a mutation at a given site, alascanning or random mutagenesis is conducted at the target codon orregion and the expressed immunoglobulins are screened for the desiredactivity.

Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminalfusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing ahundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of singleor multiple amino acid residues. Examples of terminal insertions includean antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue. Other insertionalvariants of the antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- orC-terminus of the antibody to an enzyme or a polypeptide which increasesthe serum half-life of the antibody.

In some embodiments, monoclonal antibodies have a C-terminal cleavage atthe heavy chain and/or light chain. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 aminoacid residues are cleaved at the C-terminus of heavy chain and/or lightchain. In some embodiments, the C-terminal cleavage removes a C-terminallysine from the heavy chain. In some embodiments, monoclonal antibodieshave an N-terminal cleavage at the heavy chain and/or light chain. Forexample, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid residues are cleaved at theN-terminus of heavy chain and/or light chain. In some embodiments,truncated forms of monoclonal antibodies can be made by recombinanttechniques.

In certain embodiments, an antibody of the invention is altered toincrease or decrease the extent to which the antibody is glycosylated.Glycosylation of polypeptides is typically either N-linked or O-linked.N-linked refers to the attachment of a carbohydrate moiety to the sidechain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide sequencesasparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any aminoacid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymaticattachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain.Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide sequences in apolypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site. O-linkedglycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugarsN-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, mostcommonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or5-hydroxylysine may also be used.

Addition or deletion of glycosylation sites to the antibody isconveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such thatone or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linkedglycosylation sites) is created or removed. The alteration may also bemade by the addition, deletion, or substitution of one or more serine orthreonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (forO-linked glycosylation sites).

Where the antibody comprises an Fc region, the carbohydrate attachedthereto may be altered. For example, antibodies with a maturecarbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached to an Fc region of theantibody are described in US Pat Appl No US 2003/0157108 (Presta. L.).See also US 2004/0093621 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd). Antibodies with abisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the carbohydrate attached toan Fc region of the antibody are referenced in WO 2003/011878.Jean-Mairet et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684, Umana et al. Antibodieswith at least one galactose residue in the oligosaccharide attached toan Fc region of the antibody are reported in WO 1997/30087. Patel et al.See, also, WO 1998/58964 (Raju, S.) and WO 1999/22764 (Raju, S.)concerning antibodies with altered carbohydrate attached to the Fcregion thereof. See also US 2005/0123546 (Umana et al.) onantigen-binding molecules with modified glycosylation.

In certain embodiments, a glycosylation variant comprises an Fc region,wherein a carbohydrate structure attached to the Fc region lacks fucose.Such variants have improved ADCC function. Optionally, the Fc regionfurther comprises one or more amino acid substitutions therein whichfurther improve ADCC, for example, substitutions at positions 298, 333,and/or 334 of the Fc region (Eu numbering of residues). Examples ofpublications related to “defucosylated” or “fucose-deficient” antibodiesinclude: US 2003/0157108; WO 2000/61739; WO 2001/29246; US 2003/0115614;US 2002/0164328; US 2004/0093621; US 2004/0132140; US 2004/0110704; US2004/0110282; US 2004/0109865; WO 2003/085119; WO 2003/084570; WO2005/035586; WO 2005/035778; WO2005/053742; Okazaki et al. J. Mol. Biol.336:1239-1249 (2004); Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614(2004). Examples of cell lines producing defucosylated antibodiesinclude Lec13 CHO cells deficient in protein fucosylation (Ripka et al.Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 249:533-545 (1986): US Pat Appl No US2003/0157108 A1, Presta, L; and WO 2004/056312 A1, Adams et al.,especially at Example 11), and knockout cell lines, such asalpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8, knockout CHO cells(Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004)), and cellsoverexpressing β1,4-N-acetylglycosminyltransferase III (GnT-III) andGolgi p-mannosidase II (ManII).

Antibodies are contemplated herein that have reduced fucose relative tothe amount of fucose on the same antibody produced in a wild-type CHOcell. For example, the antibody has a lower amount of fucose than itwould otherwise have if produced by native CHO cells (e.g., a CHO cellthat produce a native glycosylation pattern, such as, a CHO cellcontaining a native FUT8 gene). In certain embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8antibody provided herein is one wherein less than about 50%, 40%, 30%,20%, 10%, 5% or 1% of the N-linked glycans thereon comprise fucose. Incertain embodiments, an anti-Siglec-8 antibody provided herein is onewherein none of the N-linked glycans thereon comprise fucose, i.e.,wherein the antibody is completely without fucose, or has no fucose oris non-fucosylated or is afucosylated. The amount of fucose can bedetermined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugarchain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached toAsn297 (e.g., complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measuredby MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008/077546, forexample. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at aboutposition 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues);however, Asn297 may also be located about ±3 amino acids upstream ordownstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due tominor sequence variations in antibodies. In some embodiments, at leastone or two of the heavy chains of the antibody is non-fucosylated.

In one embodiment, the antibody is altered to improve its serumhalf-life. To increase the serum half-life of the antibody, one mayincorporate a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody(especially an antibody fragment) as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,739,277, for example. As used herein, the term “salvage receptorbinding epitope” refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgGmolecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) that is responsible forincreasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule (US2003/0190311, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,821,505; 6,165,745; 5,624,821; 5,648,260;6,165,745; 5,834,597).

Another type of variant is an amino acid substitution variant. Thesevariants have at least one amino acid residue in the antibody moleculereplaced by a different residue. Sites of interest for substitutionalmutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations arealso contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in Table 5 underthe heading of “preferred substitutions.” If such substitutions resultin a desirable change in biological activity, then more substantialchanges, denominated “exemplary substitutions” in Table 5, or as furtherdescribed below in reference to amino acid classes, may be introducedand the products screened.

TABLE 5 Preferred Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions SubstitutionsAla (A) Val; Leu; Ile Val Arg (R) Lys; Gln; Asn Lys Asn (N) Gln; His;Asp, Lys; Arg Gln Asp (D) Glu; Asn Glu Cys (C) Ser; Ala Ser Gln (Q) Asn:Glu Asn Glu (E) Asp; Gln Asp Gly (G) Ala Ala His (H) Asn; Gln; Lys; ArgArg Ile (I) Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Leu Norleucine Leu (L) Norleucine;Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Ile Phe Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Asn Arg Met (M) Leu; Phe;Ile Leu Phe (F) Trp; Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ala Ser (S)Thr Thr Thr (T) Val; Ser Ser Trp (W) Tyr; Phe Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe; Thr;Ser Phe Val (V) Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Leu Norleucine

Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antibodyare accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly intheir effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptidebackbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet orhelical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the moleculeat the target site, or c) the bulk of the side chain. Amino acids may begrouped according to similarities in the properties of their side chains(in A. L. Lehninger, in Biochemistry, second ed., pp. 73-75, WorthPublishers. New York (1975)):

-   -   (1) non-polar: Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), Ile (I), Pro (P), Phe        (F), Trp (W), Met (M)    -   (2) uncharged polar: Gly (G), Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys (C), Tyr        (Y), Asn (N), Gln (Q)    -   (3) acidic: Asp (D), Glu (E)    -   (4) basic: Lys (K), Arg (R), His (H)

Alternatively, naturally occurring residues may be divided into groupsbased on common side-chain properties:

-   -   (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;    -   (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;    -   (3) acidic: Asp, Glu;    -   (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;    -   (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;    -   (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one ofthese classes for another class. Such substituted residues also may beintroduced into the conservative substitution sites or, into theremaining (non-conserved) sites.

One type of substitutional variant involves substituting one or morehypervariable region residues of a parent antibody (e.g., a humanized orhuman antibody). Generally, the resulting variant(s) selected forfurther development will have modified (e.g., improved) biologicalproperties relative to the parent antibody from which they aregenerated. A convenient way for generating such substitutional variantsinvolves affinity maturation using phage display. Briefly, severalhypervariable region sites (e.g., 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate allpossible amino acid substitutions at each site. The antibodies thusgenerated are displayed from filamentous phage particles as fusions toat least part of a phage coat protein (e.g., the gene III product ofM13) packaged within each particle. The phage-displayed variants arethen screened for their biological activity (e.g., binding affinity). Inorder to identify candidate hypervariable region sites for modification,scanning mutagenesis (e.g., alanine scanning) can be performed toidentify hypervariable region residues contributing significantly toantigen binding. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be beneficial toanalyze a crystal structure of the antigen-antibody complex to identifycontact points between the antibody and antigen. Such contact residuesand neighboring residues are candidates for substitution according totechniques known in the art, including those elaborated herein. Oncesuch variants are generated, the panel of variants is subjected toscreening using techniques known in the art, including those describedherein, and antibodies with superior properties in one or more relevantassays may be selected for further development.

Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of theantibody are prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. Thesemethods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source(in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) orpreparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis,PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variantor a non-variant version of the antibody.

It may be desirable to introduce one or more amino acid modifications inan Fc region of antibodies of the invention, thereby generating an Fcregion variant. The Fc region variant may comprise a human Fc regionsequence (e.g., a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region) comprisingan amino acid modification (e.g., a substitution) at one or more aminoacid positions including that of a hinge cysteine. In some embodiments,the Fc region variant comprises a human IgG4 Fc region. In a furtherembodiment, the human IgG4 Fc region comprises the amino acidsubstitution S228P, wherein the amino acid residues are numberedaccording to the EU index as in Kabat.

In accordance with this description and the teachings of the art, it iscontemplated that in some embodiments, an antibody of the invention maycomprise one or more alterations as compared to the wild typecounterpart antibody, e.g. in the Fc region. These antibodies wouldnonetheless retain substantially the same characteristics required fortherapeutic utility as compared to their wild type counterpart. Forexample, it is thought that certain alterations can be made in the Fcregion that would result in altered (i.e., either improved ordiminished) C1q binding and/or Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC),e.g., as described in WO99/51642. See also Duncan & Winter Nature322:738-40 (1988); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,260; 5,624,821; and WO94/29351concerning other examples of Fc region variants. WO00/42072 (Presta) andWO 2004/056312 (Lowman) describe antibody variants with improved ordiminished binding to FcRs. The content of these patent publications arespecifically incorporated herein by reference. See, also, Shields et al.J. Biol. Chem. 9(2): 6591-6604 (2001). Antibodies with increasedhalf-lives and improved binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn),which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus(Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 17:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol.24:249 (1994)), are described in US2005/0014934A1 (Hinton et al.). Theseantibodies comprise an Fc region with one or more substitutions thereinwhich improve binding of the Fc region to FcRn. Polypeptide variantswith altered Fc region amino acid sequences and increased or decreasedC1q binding capability are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551B1,WO99/51642. The contents of those patent publications are specificallyincorporated herein by reference. See, also. Idusogie et al. J. Immunol.164: 4178-4184 (2000).

7. Vectors, Host Cells, and Recombinant Methods

For recombinant production of an antibody of the invention, the nucleicacid encoding it is isolated and inserted into a replicable vector forfurther cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression. DNAencoding the antibody is readily isolated and sequenced usingconventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that arecapable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and lightchains of the antibody). Many vectors are available. The choice ofvector depends in part on the host cell to be used. Generally, hostcells are of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic (generally mammalian)origin. It will be appreciated that constant regions of any isotype canbe used for this purpose, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE constantregions, and that such constant regions can be obtained from any humanor animal species.

Generating Antibodies Using Prokaryotic Host Cells:

a) Vector Construction

Polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptide components of the antibodyof the invention can be obtained using standard recombinant techniques.Desired polynucleotide sequences may be isolated and sequenced fromantibody producing cells such as hybridoma cells. Alternatively,polynucleotides can be synthesized using nucleotide synthesizer or PCRtechniques. Once obtained, sequences encoding the polypeptides areinserted into a recombinant vector capable of replicating and expressingheterologous polynucleotides in prokaryotic hosts. Many vectors that areavailable and known in the art can be used for the purpose of thepresent invention. Selection of an appropriate vector will depend mainlyon the size of the nucleic acids to be inserted into the vector and theparticular host cell to be transformed with the vector. Each vectorcontains various components, depending on its function (amplification orexpression of heterologous polynucleotide, or both) and itscompatibility with the particular host cell in which it resides. Thevector components generally include, but are not limited to: an originof replication, a selection marker gene, a promoter, a ribosome bindingsite (RBS), a signal sequence, the heterologous nucleic acid insert anda transcription termination sequence.

In general, plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequenceswhich are derived from species compatible with the host cell are used inconnection with these hosts. The vector ordinarily carries a replicationsite, as well as marking sequences which are capable of providingphenotypic selection in transformed cells. For example, E. coli istypically transformed using pBR322, a plasmid derived from an E. colispecies, pBR322 contains genes-encoding ampicillin (Amp) andtetracycline (Tet) resistance and thus provides easy means foridentifying transformed cells, pBR322, its derivatives, or othermicrobial plasmids or bacteriophage may also contain, or be modified tocontain, promoters which can be used by the microbial organism forexpression of endogenous proteins. Examples of pBR322 derivatives usedfor expression of particular antibodies are described in detail inCarter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,237.

In addition, phage vectors containing replicon and control sequencesthat are compatible with the host microorganism can be used astransforming vectors in connection with these hosts. For example,bacteriophage such as λGEM.TM.-11 may be utilized in making arecombinant vector which can be used to transform susceptible host cellssuch as E. coli LE392.

The expression vector of the invention may comprise two or morepromoter-cistron pairs, encoding each of the polypeptide components. Apromoter is an untranslated regulatory sequence located upstream (5′) toa cistron that modulates its expression. Prokaryotic promoters typicallyfall into two classes, inducible and constitutive. Inducible promoter isa promoter that initiates increased levels of transcription of thecistron under its control in response to changes in the culturecondition, e.g. the presence or absence of a nutrient or a change intemperature.

A large number of promoters recognized by a variety of potential hostcells are well known. The selected promoter can be operably linked tocistron DNA encoding the light or heavy chain by removing the promoterfrom the source DNA via restriction enzyme digestion and inserting theisolated promoter sequence into the vector of the invention. Both thenative promoter sequence and many heterologous promoters may be used todirect amplification and/or expression of the target genes. In someembodiments, heterologous promoters are utilized, as they generallypermit greater transcription and higher yields of expressed target geneas compared to the native target polypeptide promoter.

Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the PhoApromoter, the p-galactamase and lactose promoter systems, a tryptophan(trp) promoter system and hybrid promoters such as the tac or the trcpromoter. However, other promoters that are functional in bacteria (suchas other known bacterial or phage promoters) are suitable as well. Theirnucleotide sequences have been published, thereby enabling a skilledworker operably to ligate them to cistrons encoding the target light andheavy chains (Siebenlist et al. (1980) Cell 20: 269) using linkers oradaptors to supply any required restriction sites.

In one aspect of the invention, each cistron within the recombinantvector comprises a secretion signal sequence component that directstranslocation of the expressed polypeptides across a membrane. Ingeneral, the signal sequence may be a component of the vector, or it maybe a part of the target polypeptide DNA that is inserted into thevector. The signal sequence selected for the purpose of this inventionshould be one that is recognized and processed (i.e. cleaved by a signalpeptidase) by the host cell. For prokaryotic host cells that do notrecognize and process the signal sequences native to the heterologouspolypeptides, the signal sequence is substituted by a prokaryotic signalsequence selected, for example, from the group consisting of thealkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, Ipp, or heat-stable enterotoxin II(STII) leaders, LamB, PhoE, PelB, OmpA and MBP. In one embodiment of theinvention, the signal sequences used in both cistrons of the expressionsystem are STII signal sequences or variants thereof.

In another aspect, the production of the immunoglobulins according tothe invention can occur in the cytoplasm of the host cell, and thereforedoes not require the presence of secretion signal sequences within eachcistron. In that regard, immunoglobulin light and heavy chains areexpressed, folded and assembled to form functional immunoglobulinswithin the cytoplasm. Certain host strains (e.g., the E. colitrxB-strains) provide cytoplasm conditions that are favorable fordisulfide bond formation, thereby permitting proper folding and assemblyof expressed protein subunits. Proba and Pluckthun Gene, 159:203 (1995).

Antibodies of the invention can also be produced by using an expressionsystem in which the quantitative ratio of expressed polypeptidecomponents can be modulated in order to maximize the yield of secretedand properly assembled antibodies of the invention. Such modulation isaccomplished at least in part by simultaneously modulating translationalstrengths for the polypeptide components.

One technique for modulating translational strength is disclosed inSimmons et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,523. It utilizes variants of thetranslational initiation region (TIR) within a cistron. For a given TIR,a series of amino acid or nucleic acid sequence variants can be createdwith a range of translational strengths, thereby providing a convenientmeans by which to adjust this factor for the desired expression level ofthe specific chain. TIR variants can be generated by conventionalmutagenesis techniques that result in codon changes which can alter theamino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, changes in the nucleotidesequence are silent. Alterations in the TIR can include, for example,alterations in the number or spacing of Shine-Dalgarno sequences, alongwith alterations in the signal sequence. One method for generatingmutant signal sequences is the generation of a “codon bank” at thebeginning of a coding sequence that does not change the amino acidsequence of the signal sequence (i.e., the changes are silent). This canbe accomplished by changing the third nucleotide position of each codon;additionally, some amino acids, such as leucine, serine, and arginine,have multiple rust and second positions that can add complexity inmaking the bank. This method of mutagenesis is described in detail inYansura et al. (1992) METHODS: A Companion to Methods in Enzymol.4:151-158.

In one embodiment, a set of vectors is generated with a range of TIRstrengths for each cistron therein. This limited set provides acomparison of expression levels of each chain as well as the yield ofthe desired antibody products under various TIR strength combinations.TIR strengths can be determined by quantifying the expression level of areporter gene as described in detail in Simmons et al. U.S. Pat. No.5,840,523. Based on the translational strength comparison, the desiredindividual TIRs are selected to be combined in the expression vectorconstructs of the invention.

Prokaryotic host cells suitable for expressing antibodies of theinvention include Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, such as Gram-negativeor Gram-positive organisms. Examples of useful bacteria includeEscherichia (e.g., E. coli), Bacilli (e.g., B. subtilis),Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas species (e.g., P. aeruginosa), Salmonellatyphimurium. Serratia marcescans. Klebsiella, Proteus, Shigella,Rhizobia, Vitreoscilla, or Paracoccus. In one embodiment, gram-negativecells are used. In one embodiment, E. coli cells are used as hosts forthe invention. Examples of E. coli strains include strain W3110(Bachmann. Cellular and Molecular Biology, vol. 2 (Washington. D.C.:American Society for Microbiology, 1987). pp. 1190-1219; ATCC DepositNo. 27.325) and derivatives thereof, including strain 33D3 havinggenotype W3110 ΔfhuA (ΔtonA) ptr3 lac Iq lacL8 ΔompTΔ(nmpc-fepE) degP41kanR (U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,635). Other strains and derivatives thereof,such as E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446), E. coli B, E. coli λ 1776 (ATCC31,537) and E. coli RV308 (ATCC 31.608) are also suitable. Theseexamples are illustrative rather than limiting. Methods for constructingderivatives of any of the above-mentioned bacteria having definedgenotypes are known in the art and described in, for example, Bass etal., Proteins, 8:309-314 (1990). It is generally necessary to select theappropriate bacteria taking into consideration replicability of thereplicon in the cells of a bacterium. For example, E. coli. Serratia, orSalmonella species can be suitably used as the host when well knownplasmids such as pBR322, pBR325, pACYC177, or pKN410 are used to supplythe replicon. Typically the host cell should secrete minimal amounts ofproteolytic enzymes, and additional protease inhibitors may desirably beincorporated in the cell culture.

b) Antibody Production

Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression vectorsand cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate forinducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genesencoding the desired sequences.

Transformation means introducing DNA into the prokaryotic host so thatthe DNA is replicable, either as an extrachromosomal element or bychromosomal integrant. Depending on the host cell used, transformationis done using standard techniques appropriate to such cells. The calciumtreatment employing calcium chloride is generally used for bacterialcells that contain substantial cell-wall barriers. Another method fortransformation employs polyethylene glycol/DMSO. Yet another techniqueused is electroporation.

Prokaryotic cells used to produce the polypeptides of the invention aregrown in media known in the art and suitable for culture of the selectedhost cells. Examples of suitable media include luria broth (LB) plusnecessary nutrient supplements. In some embodiments, the media alsocontains a selection agent, chosen based on the construction of theexpression vector, to selectively permit growth of prokaryotic cellscontaining the expression vector. For example, ampicillin is added tomedia for growth of cells expressing ampicillin resistant gene.

Any necessary supplements besides carbon, nitrogen, and inorganicphosphate sources may also be included at appropriate concentrationsintroduced alone or as a mixture with another supplement or medium suchas a complex nitrogen source. Optionally the culture medium may containone or more reducing agents selected from the group consisting ofglutathione, cysteine, cystamine, thioglycollate, dithioerythritol anddithiothreitol.

The prokaryotic host cells are cultured at suitable temperatures. Incertain embodiments, for E. coli growth, growth temperatures range fromabout 20° C. to about 39° C.; from about 25° C. to about 37° C.; orabout 30° C. The pH of the medium may be any pH ranging from about 5 toabout 9, depending mainly on the host organism. In certain embodiments,for E. coli, the pH is from about 6.8 to about 7.4, or about 7.0.

If an inducible promoter is used in the expression vector of theinvention, protein expression is induced under conditions suitable forthe activation of the promoter. In one aspect of the invention. PhoApromoters are used for controlling transcription of the polypeptides.Accordingly, the transformed host cells are cultured in aphosphate-limiting medium for induction. In certain embodiments, thephosphate-limiting medium is the C.R.A.P. medium (see. e.g., Simmons etal., J. Immunol. Methods (2002), 263:133-147). A variety of otherinducers may be used, according to the vector construct employed, as isknown in the art.

In one embodiment, the expressed polypeptides of the present inventionare secreted into and recovered from the periplasm of the host cells.Protein recovery typically involves disrupting the microorganism,generally by such means as osmotic shock, sonication or lysis. Oncecells are disrupted, cell debris or whole cells may be removed bycentrifugation or filtration. The proteins may be further purified, forexample, by affinity resin chromatography. Alternatively, proteins canbe transported into the culture media and isolated therein. Cells may beremoved from the culture and the culture supernatant being filtered andconcentrated for further purification of the proteins produced. Theexpressed polypeptides can be further isolated and identified usingcommonly known methods such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)and Western blot assay.

In one aspect of the invention, antibody production is conducted inlarge quantity by a fermentation process. Various large-scale fed-batchfermentation procedures are available for production of recombinantproteins. Large-scale fermentations have at least 1000 liters ofcapacity, and in certain embodiments, about 1.000 to 100,000 liters ofcapacity. These fermentors use agitator impellers to distribute oxygenand nutrients, especially glucose. Small scale fermentation refersgenerally to fermentation in a fermentor that is no more thanapproximately 100 liters in volumetric capacity, and can range fromabout 1 liter to about 100 liters.

In a fermentation process, induction of protein expression is typicallyinitiated after the cells have been grown under suitable conditions to adesired density, e.g., an OD550 of about 180-220, at which stage thecells are in the early stationary phase. A variety of inducers may beused, according to the vector construct employed, as is known in the artand described above. Cells may be grown for shorter periods prior toinduction. Cells are usually induced for about 12-50 hours, althoughlonger or shorter induction time may be used.

To improve the production yield and quality of the polypeptides of theinvention, various fermentation conditions can be modified. For example,to improve the proper assembly and folding of the secreted antibodypolypeptides, additional vectors overexpressing chaperone proteins, suchas Dsb proteins (DsbA, DsbB, DsbC, DsbD and or DsbG) or FkpA (apeptidylprolyl cis,trans-isomerase with chaperone activity) can be usedto co-transform the host prokaryotic cells. The chaperone proteins havebeen demonstrated to facilitate the proper folding and solubility ofheterologous proteins produced in bacterial host cells. Chen et al.(1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:19601-19605; Georgiou et al., U.S. Pat. No.6,083,715; Georgiou et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,888; Bothmann andPluckthun (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:17100-17105; Ramm and Pluckthun(2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:17106-17113; Arie et al. (2001) Mol.Microbiol. 39:199-210.

To minimize proteolysis of expressed heterologous proteins (especiallythose that are proteolytically sensitive), certain host strainsdeficient for proteolytic enzymes can be used for the present invention.For example, host cell strains may be modified to effect geneticmutation(s) in the genes encoding known bacterial proteases such asProtease III, OmpT, DegP, Tsp, Protease I, Protease Mi, Protease V,Protease VI and combinations thereof. Some E. coli protease-deficientstrains are available and described in, for example, Joly et al. (1998),supra; Georgiou et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,365; Georgiou et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,508,192; Hara et al., Microbial Drug Resistance, 2:63-72(1996).

In one embodiment, E. coli strains deficient for proteolytic enzymes andtransformed with plasmids overexpressing one or more chaperone proteinsare used as host cells in the expression system of the invention.

c) Antibody Purification

In one embodiment, the antibody protein produced herein is furtherpurified to obtain preparations that are substantially homogeneous forfurther assays and uses. Standard protein purification methods known inthe art can be employed. The following procedures are exemplary ofsuitable purification procedures: fractionation on immunoaffinity orion-exchange columns, ethanol precipitation, reverse phase HPLC,chromatography on silica or on a cation-exchange resin such as DEAE,chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gelfiltration using, for example. Sephadex G-75.

In one aspect, Protein A immobilized on a solid phase is used forimmunoaffinity purification of the antibody products of the invention.Protein A is a 41 kD cell wall protein from Staphylococcus aureas whichbinds with a high affinity to the Fc region of antibodies. Lindmark etal (1983) J. Immunol. Meth. 62:1-13. The solid phase to which Protein Ais immobilized can be a column comprising a glass or silica surface, ora controlled pore glass column or a silicic acid column. In someapplications, the column is coated with a reagent, such as glycerol, topossibly prevent nonspecific adherence of contaminants.

As the first step of purification, a preparation derived from the cellculture as described above can be applied onto a Protein A immobilizedsolid phase to allow specific binding of the antibody of interest toProtein A. The solid phase would then be washed to remove contaminantsnon-specifically bound to the solid phase. Finally the antibody ofinterest is recovered from the solid phase by elution.

Generating Antibodies Using Eukaryotic Host Cells:

A vector for use in a eukaryotic host cell generally includes one ormore of the following non-limiting components: a signal sequence, anorigin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, apromoter, and a transcription termination sequence.

a) Signal Sequence Component

A vector for use in a eukaryotic host cell may also contain a signalsequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at theN-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide of interest. Theheterologous signal sequence selected may be one that is recognized andprocessed (i.e., cleaved by a signal peptidase) by the host cell. Inmammalian cell expression, mammalian signal sequences as well as viralsecretory leaders, for example, the herpes simplex gD signal, areavailable. The DNA for such a precursor region is ligated in readingframe to DNA encoding the antibody.

b) Origin of Replication

Generally, an origin of replication component is not needed formammalian expression vectors. For example, the SV40 origin may typicallybe used only because it contains the early promoter.

c) Selection Gene Component

Expression and cloning vectors may contain a selection gene, also termeda selectable marker. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a)confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins. e.g., ampicillin,neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline. (b) complement auxotrophicdeficiencies, where relevant, or (c) supply critical nutrients notavailable from complex media.

One example of a selection scheme utilizes a drug to arrest growth of ahost cell. Those cells that are successfully transformed with aheterologous gene produce a protein conferring drug resistance and thussurvive the selection regimen. Examples of such dominant selection usethe drugs neomycin, mycophenolic acid and hygromycin.

Another example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells arethose that enable the identification of cells competent to take up theantibody nucleic acid, such as DHFR, thymidine kinase, metallothionein-Iand -II, primate metallothionein genes, adenosine deaminase, ornithinedecarboxylase, etc.

For example, in some embodiments, cells transformed with the DHFRselection gene are first identified by culturing all of thetransformants in a culture medium that contains methotrexate (Mtx), acompetitive antagonist of DHFR. In some embodiments, an appropriate hostcell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cell line deficient in DHFR activity (e.g., ATCC CRL-9096).

Alternatively, host cells (particularly wild-type hosts that containendogenous DHFR) transformed or co-transformed with DNA sequencesencoding an antibody, wild-type DHFR protein, and another selectablemarker such as aminoglycoside 3′-phosphotransferase (APH) can beselected by cell growth in medium containing a selection agent for theselectable marker such as an aminoglycosidic antibiotic, e.g.,kanamycin, neomycin, or G418. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,199. Host cellsmay include NS0, CHOK1, CHOK1SV or derivatives, including cell linesdeficient in glutamine synthetase (GS). Methods for the use of GS as aselectable marker for mammalian cells are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,122,464 and 5,891,693.

d) Promoter Component

Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter that isrecognized by the host organism and is operably linked to nucleic acidencoding a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an antibody). Promotersequences are known for eukaryotes. For example, virtually alleukaryotic genes have an AT-rich region located approximately 25 to 30bases upstream from the site where transcription is initiated. Anothersequence found 70 to 80 bases upstream from the start of transcriptionof many genes is a CNCAAT region where N may be any nucleotide. At the3′ end of most eukaryotic genes is an AATAAA sequence that may be thesignal for addition of the poly A tail to the 3′ end of the codingsequence. In certain embodiments, any or all of these sequences may besuitably inserted into eukaryotic expression vectors.

Transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, forexample, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such aspolyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovinepapilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus,hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologousmammalian promoters, e.g., the actin promoter or an immunoglobulinpromoter, from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters arecompatible with the host cell systems.

The early and late promoters of the SV40 virus are conveniently obtainedas an SV40 restriction fragment that also contains the SV40 viral originof replication. The immediate early promoter of the humancytomegalovirus is conveniently obtained as a HindIII E restrictionfragment. A system for expressing DNA in mammalian hosts using thebovine papilloma virus as a vector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,419,446. A modification of this system is described in U.S. Pat. No.4,601,978. See also Reyes et al., Nature 297:598-601 (1982), describingexpression of human p-interferon cDNA in mouse cells under the controlof a thymidine kinase promoter from herpes simplex virus. Alternatively,the Rous Sarcoma Virus long terminal repeat can be used as the promoter.

e) Enhancer Element Component

Transcription of DNA encoding an antibody of this invention by highereukaryotes is often increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into thevector. Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes(globin, elastase, albumin. α-fetoprotein, and insulin). Typically,however, one will use an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus. Examplesinclude the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp100-270), the human cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the mousecytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on thelate side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers. See alsoYaniv. Nature 297:17-18 (1982) describing enhancer elements foractivation of eukaryotic promoters. The enhancer may be spliced into thevector at a position 5′ or 3′ to the antibody polypeptide-encodingsequence, but is generally located at a site 5′ from the promoter.

f) Transcription Termination Component

Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells may also containsequences necessary for the termination of transcription and forstabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonly available from the 5′and, occasionally 3′, untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAsor cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed aspolyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNAencoding an antibody. One useful transcription termination component isthe bovine growth hormone polyadenylation region. See WO94/11026 and theexpression vector disclosed therein.

g) Selection and Transformation of Host Cells

Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectorsherein include higher eukaryote cells described herein, includingvertebrate host cells. Propagation of vertebrate cells in culture(tissue culture) has become a routine procedure. Examples of usefulmammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40(COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cellssubcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen Virol.36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinesehamster ovary cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 77:4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod.23:243-251 (1980)); monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African greenmonkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical carcinomacells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34);buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human lung cells (W138,ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor(MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells (Mather et al., Annals N.Y. Acad.Sci. 383:44-68 (1982)); MRC 5 cells: FS4 cells; CHOK1 cells, CHOK1SVcells or derivatives and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2).

Host cells are transformed with the above-described-expression orcloning vectors for antibody production and cultured in conventionalnutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selectingtransformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences.

h) Culturing the Host Cells

The host cells used to produce an antibody of this invention may becultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such asHam's F10 (Sigma). Minimal Essential Medium ((MEM), Sigma), RPMI-1640(Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium ((DMEM). Sigma) aresuitable for culturing the host cells. In addition, any of the mediadescribed in Ham et al., Meth. Enz. 58:44 (1979). Barnes et al., Anal.Biochem. 102:255 (1980). U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,704; 4,657,866; 4,927,762;4,560,655; or 5,122,469; WO 90/03430; WO 87/00195; or U.S. Pat. Re.30,985 may be used as culture media for the host cells. Any of thesemedia may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growthfactors (such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor),salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate),buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine),antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCIN™ drug), trace elements (defined asinorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in themicromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any othersupplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations thatwould be known to those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, suchas temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with thehost cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to theordinarily skilled artisan.

i) Purification of Antibody

When using recombinant techniques, the antibody can be producedintracellularly, or directly secreted into the medium. If the antibodyis produced intracellularly, as a first step, the particulate debris,either host cells or lysed fragments, may be removed, for example, bycentrifugation or ultrafiltration. Where the antibody is secreted intothe medium, supernatants from such expression systems may be firstconcentrated using a commercially available protein concentrationfilter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltrationunit. A protease inhibitor such as PMSF may be included in any of theforegoing steps to inhibit proteolysis, and antibiotics may be includedto prevent the growth of adventitious contaminants.

The antibody composition prepared from the cells can be purified using,for example, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis,dialysis, and affinity chromatography, with affinity chromatographybeing a convenient technique. The suitability of protein A as anaffinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of any immunoglobulinFc domain that is present in the antibody. Protein A can be used topurify antibodies that are based on human γ1, γ2, or γ4 heavy chains(Lindmark et al., J. Immunol. Methods 62:1-13 (1983)). Protein G isrecommended for all mouse isotypes and for human γ3 (Guss et al., EMBOJ. 5:15671575 (1986)). The matrix to which the affinity ligand isattached may be agarose, but other matrices are available. Mechanicallystable matrices such as controlled pore glass orpoly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorterprocessing times than can be achieved with agarose. Where the antibodycomprises a CH3 domain, the Bakerbond ABX™ resin (J. T. Baker,Phillipsburg. N.J.) is useful for purification. Other techniques forprotein purification such as fractionation on an ion-exchange column,ethanol precipitation, Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica,chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSE™ chromatography on an anion orcation exchange resin (such as a polyaspartic acid column),chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation are alsoavailable depending on the antibody to be recovered.

Following any preliminary purification step(s), the mixture comprisingthe antibody of interest and contaminants may be subjected to furtherpurification, for example, by low pH hydrophobic interactionchromatography using an elution buffer at a pH between about 2.5-4.5,performed at low salt concentrations (e.g., from about 0-0.25M salt).

In general, various methodologies for preparing antibodies for use inresearch, testing, and clinical use are well-established in the art,consistent with the above-described methodologies and/or as deemedappropriate by one skilled in the art for a particular antibody ofinterest.

Production of Non-Fucosylated Antibodies

Provided herein are methods for preparing antibodies with a reduceddegree of fucosylation. For example, methods contemplated hereininclude, but are not limited to, use of cell lines deficient in proteinfucosylation (e.g., Lec13 CHO cells, alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase geneknockout CHO cells, cells overexpressingβ1,4-N-acetylglycosminyltransferase III and further overexpressing Golgiμ-mannosidase II, etc.), and addition of a fucose analog(s) in a cellculture medium used for the production of the antibodies. See Ripka etal. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 249:533-545 (1986); US Pat Appl No US2003/0157108 A1, Presta, L; WO 2004/056312 A1; Yamane-Ohnuki et al.Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,574,907. Additionaltechniques for reducing the fucose content of antibodies include Glymaxxtechnology described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2012/0214975. Additional techniques for reducing the fucose content ofantibodies also include the addition of one or more glycosidaseinhibitors in a cell culture medium used for the production of theantibodies. Glycosidase inhibitors include α-glucosidase I,α-glucosidase II, and α-mannosidase I. In some embodiments, theglycosidase inhibitor is an inhibitor of α-mannosidase I (e.g.,kifunensine).

As used herein, “core fucosylation” refers to addition of fucose(“fucosylation”) to N-acetylglucosamine (“GlcNAc”) at the reducingterminal of an N-linked glycan. Also provided are antibodies produced bysuch methods and compositions thereof.

In some embodiments, fucosylation of complex N-glycoside-linked sugarchains bound to the Fc region (or domain) is reduced. As used herein, a“complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain” is typically bound toasparagine 297 (according to the number of Kabat), although a complexN-glycoside linked sugar chain can also be linked to other asparagineresidues. A “complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain” excludes a highmannose type of sugar chain, in which only mannose is incorporated atthe non-reducing terminal of the core structure, but includes 1) acomplex type, in which the non-reducing terminal side of the corestructure has one or more branches of galactose-N-acetylglucosamine(also referred to as “gal-GlcNAc”) and the non-reducing terminal side ofGal-GlcNAc optionally has a sialic acid, bisecting N-acetylglucosamineor the like; or 2) a hybrid type, in which the non-reducing terminalside of the core structure has both branches of the high mannoseN-glycoside-linked sugar chain and complex N-glycoside-linked sugarchain.

In some embodiments, the “complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain”includes a complex type in which the non-reducing terminal side of thecore structure has zero, one or more branches ofgalactose-N-acetylglucosamine (also referred to as “gal-GlcNAc”) and thenon-reducing terminal side of Gal-GlcNAc optionally further has astructure such as a sialic acid, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine or thelike.

According to the present methods, typically only a minor amount offucose is incorporated into the complex N-glycoside-linked sugarchain(s). For example, in various embodiments, less than about 60%, lessthan about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less thanabout 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%,or less than about 1% of the antibody has core fucosylation by fucose ina composition. In some embodiments, substantially none (i.e., less thanabout 0.5%) of the antibody has core fucosylation by fucose in acomposition. In some embodiments, more than about 40%, more than about50%, more than about 60%, more than about 70%, more than about 80%, morethan about 90%, more than about 91%, more than about 92%, more thanabout 93%, more than about 94%, more than about 95%, more than about96%, more than about 97%, more than about 98%, or more than about 99% ofthe antibody is nonfucosylated in a composition.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an antibody whereinsubstantially none (i.e., less than about 0.5%) of theN-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains contain a fucose residue. In someembodiments, provided herein is an antibody wherein at least one or twoof the heavy chains of the antibody is non-fucosylated.

As described above, a variety of mammalian host-expression vectorsystems can be utilized to express an antibody. In some embodiments, theculture media is not supplemented with fucose. In some embodiments, aneffective amount of a fucose analog is added to the culture media. Inthis context, an “effective amount” refers to an amount of the analogthat is sufficient to decrease fucose incorporation into a complexN-glycoside-linked sugar chain of an antibody by at least about 10%, atleast about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40% or at leastabout 50%. In some embodiments, antibodies produced by the instantmethods comprise at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about30%, at least about 40% or at least about 50% non-core fucosylatedprotein (e.g., lacking core fucosylation), as compared with antibodiesproduced from the host cells cultured in the absence of a fucose analog.

The content (e.g., the ratio) of sugar chains in which fucose is notbound to N-acetylglucosamine in the reducing end of the sugar chainversus sugar chains in which fucose is bound to N-acetylglucosamine inthe reducing end of the sugar chain can be determined, for example, asdescribed in the Examples. Other methods include hydrazinolysis orenzyme digestion (see, e.g., Biochemical Experimentation Methods 23:Method for Studying Glycoprotein Sugar Chain (Japan Scientific SocietiesPress), edited by Reiko Takahashi (1989)), fluorescence labeling orradioisotope labeling of the released sugar chain and then separatingthe labeled sugar chain by chromatography. Also, the compositions of thereleased sugar chains can be determined by analyzing the chains by theHPAEC-PAD method (see, e.g., J. Liq Chromatogr. 6:1557 (1983)). (Seegenerally U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0110282.).

B. Compositions of the Invention

In some aspects, also provided herein are compositions (e.g.,pharmaceutical compositions) comprising any of the anti-Siglec-8antibodies described herein (e.g., an antibody that binds to Siglec-8)or agonists described herein. In some aspects, provided herein is acomposition comprising an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein,wherein the antibody comprises a Fc region and N-glycoside-linkedcarbohydrate chains linked to the Fc region, wherein less than about 50%of the N-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains contain a fucose residue.In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a Fc region andN-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains linked to the Fc region, whereinless than about 45%, about 40%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about20%, or about 15% of the N-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains containa fucose residue. In some aspects, provided herein is a compositioncomprising an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein, wherein theantibody comprises a Fe region and N-glycoside-linked carbohydratechains linked to the Fc region, wherein substantially none of theN-glycoside-linked carbohydrate chains contain a fucose residue.

Therapeutic formulations are prepared for storage by mixing the activeingredient having the desired degree of purity with optionalpharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers(Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Ed., LippincottWilliams & Wiklins, Pub., Gennaro Ed., Philadelphia, Pa, 2000).Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic torecipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and includebuffers, antioxidants including ascorbic acid, methionine. Vitamin E,sodium metabisulfite; preservatives, isotonicifiers, stabilizers, metalcomplexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); chelating agents such as EDTAand/or non-ionic surfactants.

Buffers can be used to control the pH in a range which optimizes thetherapeutic effectiveness, especially if stability is pH dependent.Buffers can be present at concentrations ranging from about 50 mM toabout 250 mM. Suitable buffering agents for use with the presentinvention include both organic and inorganic acids and salts thereof.For example, citrate, phosphate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate,gluconate, oxalate, lactate, acetate. Additionally, buffers may becomprised of histidine and trimethylamine salts such as Tris.

Preservatives can be added to prevent microbial growth, and aretypically present in a range from about 0.2%-1.0% (w/v). Suitablepreservatives for use with the present invention includeoctadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride;benzalkonium halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, iodide), benzethoniumchloride; thimerosal, phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabenssuch as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol,3-pentanol, and m-cresol.

Tonicity agents, sometimes known as “stabilizers” can be present toadjust or maintain the tonicity of liquid in a composition. When usedwith large, charged biomolecules such as proteins and antibodies, theyare often termed “stabilizers” because they can interact with thecharged groups of the amino acid side chains, thereby lessening thepotential for inter and intra-molecular interactions. Tonicity agentscan be present in any amount between about 0.1% to about 25% by weightor between about 1 to about 5% by weight, taking into account therelative amounts of the other ingredients. In some embodiments, tonicityagents include polyhydric sugar alcohols, trihydric or higher sugaralcohols, such as glycerin, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol andmannitol.

Additional excipients include agents which can serve as one or more ofthe following: (1) bulking agents, (2) solubility enhancers, (3)stabilizers and (4) and agents preventing denaturation or adherence tothe container wall. Such excipients include: polyhydric sugar alcohols(enumerated above); amino acids such as alanine, glycine, glutamine,asparagine, histidine, arginine, lysine, ornithine, leucine,2-phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, etc.; organic sugars or sugaralcohols such as sucrose, lactose, lactitol, trehalose, stachyose,mannose, sorbose, xylose, ribose, ribitol, myoinisitose, myoinisitol,galactose, galactitol, glycerol, cyclitols (e.g., inositol),polyethylene glycol; sulfur containing reducing agents, such as urea,glutathione, thioctic acid, sodium thioglycolate, thioglycerol,α-monothioglycerol and sodium thio sulfate; low molecular weightproteins such as human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, gelatin orother immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone; monosaccharides (e.g., xylose, mannose, fructose,glucose; disaccharides (e.g., lactose, maltose, sucrose); trisaccharidessuch as raffinose; and polysaccharides such as dextrin or dextran.

Non-ionic surfactants or detergents (also known as “wetting agents”) canbe present to help solubilize the therapeutic agent as well as toprotect the therapeutic protein against agitation-induced aggregation,which also permits the formulation to be exposed to shear surface stresswithout causing denaturation of the active therapeutic protein orantibody. Non-ionic surfactants are present in a range of about 0.05mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml or about 0.07 mg/ml to about 0.2 mg/ml. In someembodiments, non-ionic surfactants are present in a range of about0.001% to about 0.1% w/v or about 0.01% to about 0.1% w/v or about 0.01%to about 0.025% w/v.

Suitable non-ionic surfactants include polysorbates (20, 40, 60, 65, 80,etc.), polyoxamers (184, 188, etc.). PLURONIC® polyols. TRITON®,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoethers (TWEEN®-20, TWEEN®-80, etc.),lauromacrogol 400, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenatedcastor oil 10, 50 and 60, glycerol monostearate, sucrose fatty acidester, methyl celluose and carboxymethyl cellulose. Anionic detergentsthat can be used include sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyle sodiumsulfosuccinate and dioctyl sodium sulfonate. Cationic detergents includebenzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride.

In order for the formulations to be used for in vivo administration,they must be sterile. The formulation may be rendered sterile byfiltration through sterile filtration membranes. The therapeuticcompositions herein generally are placed into a container having asterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vialhaving a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.

The route of administration is in accordance with known and acceptedmethods, such as by single or multiple bolus or infusion over a longperiod of time in a suitable manner, e.g., injection or infusion bysubcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular,intraarterial, intralesional or intraarticular routes, topicaladministration, inhalation or by sustained release or extended-releasemeans.

The formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound asnecessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably thosewith complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.Alternatively, or in addition, the composition may comprise one or moreof a cytotoxic agent, a cytokine (e.g., interferon-α), a growthinhibitory agent, a protein kinase inhibitor (e.g., a tyrosine kinaseinhibitor such as midostaurin), a corticosteroid, an antibody (e.g.,rituximab), or an anti-cancer agent (e.g., an antimetabolite such ascladribine). Such active compounds are suitably present in combinationin amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.

III. Articles of Manufacture or Kits

In another aspect, an article of manufacture or kit is provided whichcomprises an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., an antibodythat binds human Siglec-8) or an agonist described herein. The articleof manufacture or kit may further comprise instructions for use of theantibody or agonist in the methods of the invention. Thus, in certainembodiments, the article of manufacture or kit comprises instructionsfor the use of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8 in methods for treating or preventing advanced systemicmastocytosis in an individual comprising administering to the individualan effective amount of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist that bindsto human Siglec-8. In certain embodiments, the article of manufacturecomprises a medicament comprising an antibody or agonist that binds tohuman Siglec-8 and a package insert comprising instructions foradministration of the medicament in an individual in need thereof totreat or prevent advanced systemic mastocytosis. In some embodiments,the advanced systemic mastocytosis is selected from the group consistingof: aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL),and systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-celllineage disorder (SM-AHNMD). In some embodiments, SM-AHNMD is selectedfrom the group consisting of: SM-myelodysplastic syndrome (SM-MDS).SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronic myelomonocyticleukemia (SM-CMML). SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL), andSM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML). In some embodiments, the advancedsystemic mastocytosis is associated with cosinophilia. In someembodiments, the advanced systemic mastocytosis is not adequatelycontrolled by cladribine, interferon-α, a corticosteroid, a tyrosinekinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, theindividual has a mutation in KIT. In some embodiments, the individualhas a KIT D816V mutation. In some embodiments, the package insertfurther indicates that the treatment is effective in depleting at leastabout 20% of the mast cells expressing Siglec-8 in a sample obtainedfrom the individual as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the medicament comprising the antibody or agonist. Insome embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample or a biological fluid.In some embodiments, the biological fluid sample is blood or urine. Insome embodiments, the tissue sample is skin or bone marrow. In someembodiments, the package insert further indicates that the treatment iseffective in reducing one or more symptom in the individual withadvanced systemic mastocytosis as compared to a baseline level beforeadministration of the medicament. In some embodiments, the individual isdiagnosed with advanced systemic mastocytosis before administration ofthe medicament comprising the antibody or agonist. In certainembodiments, the individual is a human.

The article of manufacture or kit may further comprise a container.Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials (e.g., dualchamber vials), syringes (such as single or dual chamber syringes) andtest tubes. The container may be formed from a variety of materials suchas glass or plastic. The container holds the formulation.

The article of manufacture or kit may further comprise a label or apackage insert, which is on or associated with the container, mayindicate directions for reconstitution and/or use of the formulation.The label or package insert may further indicate that the formulation isuseful or intended for subcutaneous, intravenous, or other modes ofadministration for treating or preventing advanced systemic mastocytosisin an individual. The container holding the formulation may be asingle-use vial or a multi-use vial, which allows for repeatadministrations of the reconstituted formulation. The article ofmanufacture or kit may further comprise a second container comprising asuitable diluent. The article of manufacture or kit may further includeother materials desirable from a commercial, therapeutic, and userstandpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles,syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides kits for asingle dose-administration unit. Such kits comprise a container of anaqueous formulation of therapeutic antibody, including both single ormulti-chambered pre-filled syringes. Exemplary pre-filled syringes areavailable from Vetter GmbH, Ravensburg, Germany.

In another embodiment, provided herein is an article of manufacture orkit comprising the formulations described herein for administration inan auto-injector device. An auto-injector can be described as aninjection device that upon activation, will deliver its contents withoutadditional necessary action from the patient or administrator. They areparticularly suited for self-medication of therapeutic formulations whenthe delivery rate must be constant and the time of delivery is greaterthan a few moments.

In another aspect, an article of manufacture or kit is provided whichcomprises an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., an antibodythat binds human Siglec-8) or an agonist described herein. The articleof manufacture or kit may further comprise instructions for use of theantibody or agonist in the methods of the invention. Thus, in certainembodiments, the article of manufacture or kit comprises instructionsfor the use of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8 in methods for treating or preventing advanced systemicmastocytosis in an individual comprising administering to the individualan effective amount of an anti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist that bindsto human Siglec-8. In certain embodiments, the article of manufacture orkit comprises a medicament comprising an antibody or agonist that bindsto human Siglec-8 and a package insert comprising instructions foradministration of the medicament in an individual in need thereof totreat or prevent advanced systemic mastocytosis.

The present invention also provides an article of manufacture or kitwhich comprises an anti-Siglec-8 antibody described herein (e.g., anantibody that binds human Siglec-8) or an agonist described herein incombination with one or more additional medicament (e.g., a secondmedicament) for treating or preventing advanced systemic mastocytosis inan individual. The article of manufacture or kit may further compriseinstructions for use of the antibody or agonist in combination with oneor more additional medicament in the methods of the invention. Forexample, the article of manufacture or kit herein optionally furthercomprises a container comprising a second medicament, wherein theanti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist is a first medicament, and whicharticle or kit further comprises instructions on the label or packageinsert for treating the individual with the second medicament, in aneffective amount. Thus in certain embodiments, the article ofmanufacture or kit comprises instructions for the use of ananti-Siglec-8 antibody or agonist that binds to human Siglec-8 incombination with one or more additional medicament in methods fortreating or preventing advanced systemic mastocytosis in an individual.In certain embodiments, the article of manufacture or kit comprises amedicament comprising an antibody or agonist that binds to humanSiglec-8 (e.g., a first medicament), one or more additional medicamentand a package insert comprising instructions for administration of thefirst medicament in combination with the one or more additionalmedicament (e.g., a second medicament). In some embodiments, the one ormore additional medicament is a cytotoxic agent, a cytokine (e.g.,interferon-α), a growth inhibitory agent, a protein kinase inhibitor(e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as midostaurin), acorticosteroid, an antibody (e.g., rituximab), or an anti-cancer agent(e.g., an antimetabolite such as cladribine).

It is understood that the aspects and embodiments described herein arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changesin light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and areto be included within the spirit and purview of this application andscope of the appended claims.

The invention will be more fully understood by reference to thefollowing examples. They should not, however, be construed as limitingthe scope of the invention. It is understood that the examples andembodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and thatvarious modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested topersons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit andpurview of this application and scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1: In Vitro Activity of Anti-Siglec-8 Antibodies onCells from Systemic Mastocytosis Patients

The activity of anti-Siglec-8 antibodies in blood and bone marrowsamples from individuals with systemic mastocytosis (SM) wasinvestigated.

Materials and Methods

Antibodies

The anti-Siglec-8 antibodies used in this study included a humanizedantibody with an IgG4 isotype (referred to herein as “Antibody 1”), ahumanized antibody engineered to have non-fucosylated IgG1K constantregions for the purpose of enhancing antibody-dependent cell-mediatedcytotoxicity (ADCC) activity (referred to herein as “Antibody 2”), and amurine antibody with an IgG1κ isotype (referred to herein as “murine1H10 antibody”) that was conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 647 (Table 6).Antibodies used for the in vitro characterization of human cells can befound at Table 7.

TABLE 6 Anti-Siglec-8 Antibodies Target Host Concentration Target FormatClone Species Species Isotype (mg/mL) Siglec-8 Alexa Fluor ® 1H10 HumanMouse IgG1κ 1.7 647 Siglec-8 Alexa Fluor ® 1H10 Human Mouse IgG1κ 1.8647 Siglec-8 Unlabeled Antibody 1 Human Humanized IgG4 14.8 Siglec-8Unlabeled Antibody 2 Human Humanized IgG1 aFuc 15.7 Abbreviations: aFuc= non-Fuc; Fuc = fucosylated; Ig = immunoglobulin; NA = not applicable;Siglec = sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin.

TABLE 7 Antibodies and Reagents for the Characterization of Human CellsIn Vitro Target Host Catalog Target Format Clone Species Species IsotypeVendor Number Isotype Purified NA NA Human IgG4 Eureka ET904 IsotypePurified NA NA Human IgG1 Eureka ET901 CD117 APC A3C6E2 Human Mouse IgG1Miltenyi 130-091-733 CD16 FITC 3G8 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 555406 CD16 PE3G8 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 556619 CD16 PerCP-Cy5.5 3G8 Human Mouse IgG1 BD560717 CD16 Alexa 3G8 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 557710 Fluor ® 647 CD193 PE5E8 Human Mouse IgG2b BD 558165 (CCR3) CD193 Alexa 5E8 Human Mouse IgG2bBD 558208 (CCR3) Fluor ® 647 CD20 FITC 2H7 Human Mouse IgG2b BD 560503CD25 PerCP-Cy5.5 M-A251 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 560503 CD3 FITC HIT3a HumanMouse IgG2b BD 555339 CD32 FITC FLI8.26 Human Mouse IgG2b BD 555448(2003) CD38 PerCP-Cy5.5 HIT2 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 561106 CD45 PerCP-Cy5.52D1 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 340953 CD56 PE B159 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 555516CD64 PE 10.1 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 558592 CD69 FITC FN50 Human Mouse IgG1κBD 555530 CD69 APC FN50 Human Mouse IgG1κ BD 555533 CD69 PE FN50 HumanMouse IgG1κ BD 555531 CD88 (C5aR) PE D53-1473 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 550494CD95 Purified EOS9.1 Human Mouse IgM BD 550042 CDw125 (IL- PE A14 HumanMouse IgG1 BD 555902 5Ra) cPARP Alexa F21-852 Human Mouse IgG1 BD 558710Fluor ® 647 EPX Purified Ascites Human Mouse IgG1 Millipore MAB1087FCeRla FITC AER-37 Human Mouse IgG2b Miltenyi 130-095-978 CRA1 hIgEBiotin G7-26 Human Mouse IgG2a BD 555858 CD117 PerCP-Cy5.5 YB5.B8 HumanMouse IgG1 BD 562094 7-AAD 7-AAD N/A N/A N/A N/A BD 559925Abbreviations: APC = allophycocyanin; BD = Becton, Dickinson andCompany; CCR = C-C chemokine receptor; FITC = fluoresceinisothiocyanate; hIg = human Ig; NA = not applicable; PE = phycoerythrin.

Isolation of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Natural Killer Cells

Fresh human blood (anti-coagulated with sodium heparin) was obtainedfrom patients with systemic mastocytosis. Blood was processed throughtwo rounds of red blood cell (RBC) lysis in 1×RBC lysis buffer(eBioscience, 00-4300-54) according to manufacturer instructions. Theperipheral blood leukocyte (PBL) cell pellet was washed twice with 50 mLphosphate-buffered saline (PBS), centrifuged, suspended in 10 mL inRPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum, and passed through a 40 μmnylon filter. The leukocytes were counted. A Natural Killer (NK) CellIsolation kit (Miltenyi Biotech, #130-092-657) was used to furtherisolate NK cells from peripheral blood cells of systemic mastocytosispatients. The enriched population was counted and suspended in RPMI-1640containing 10% fetal calf serum.

Isolation of Cells from Systemic Mastocytosis Patient Bone MarrowAspirates and CD117+ Enrichment of Mast Cells

Fresh human bone marrow aspirates (anti-coagulated with sodium heparin)were obtained from patients with systemic mastocytosis. Bone marrowaspirates was processed through one round of red blood cell (RBC) lysisin 1×RBC lysis buffer (eBioscience, 00-4300-54) according tomanufacturer instructions. The cell pellet was washed twice with 50 mLphosphate-buffered saline (PBS), centrifuged, suspended in 10 mL inRPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and passed through a 40μm nylon filter. The cells were counted. In samples where mast cellenrichment was performed, the purified cells were instead suspended in 5mL in PBS containing 100 ng/ml rhSCF (R&D Systems, 255-SC). The cellswere counted and CD117+ high mast cells were enriched by positiveselection with a CD117 Microbead Kit (Miltenyi Biotech, #130-091-332)according to manufacturer's instructions. The enriched population wascounted and suspended in RPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS)containing 100 ng/ml rhSCF.

Generation of a Siglec-8-Expressing Ramos Cell Line

Ramos, a human B-cell cell line sensitive to ADCC andcomplement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, was transfected withfull-length Siglec-8 to generate a stably transfected cell lineexpressing Siglec-8. A clone (2C10) with uniform, stable expression ofSiglec-8 was identified (referred to herein as “Ramos 2C10 targetcells”). Ramos 2C10 target cells expressed approximately 51,000 Siglec-8molecules per cell.

Non-Fucosylated Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody Induced ADCC Depletion AssayAgainst Siglec-8+ Target Cells Using PBL from Systemic MastocytosisPatients

PBLs isolated from patient blood were seeded in a 96-well plate (Falcon,353077) at 5×10⁵ cells per well in 100 μL medium containing 10% FCS.Siglec-8 transfected Ramos cells (Ramos 2C10 target cells) expressingSiglec-8 at levels similar to mast cells were added at 5×10⁴ cells perwell (Effector:Target cell ratio of 10:1). Non-fuscosylated humanizedanti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody 2) or human IgG1 isotype controlantibody was diluted in media and added to cells in a 10-fold dilutionseries, from 10 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. The cells were incubated for 48 hoursat 37° C. in 5% CO₂. The plate was centrifuged at 300 g for 2 minutesand the supernatant was removed. Cells were stained for flow cytometricanalysis at 4° C. for 20 minutes with an antibody that binds to CD20, amarker for Ramos cells, and the viability dye 7-Aminoactinomycin D(7-AAD) in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) buffer (See Table7). The plates were then centrifuged at 300 g for 2 minutes and thesupernatants were removed. The cells were suspended in 1%paraformaldehyde in PBS and analyzed by flow cytometry on a FACS Caliburinstrument (Becton. Dickinson and Company). Ramos 2C10 target celldepletion was measured by the loss of CD20+, SSC/FSC^(hi) Ramos 2C10target cells in the presence of non-fuscosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8antibody (Antibody 2) compared with human IgG1 isotype control.

Results

Bone marrow or blood samples from 7 patients with systemic mastocytosiswere included in the analysis (SSM, n=1; ASM, n=1; and SM-AHNMD, n=5with subtypes of SM-CMML, n=3; SM-MDS, n=1; SM-CEL, n=1). Thedemographic and clinical features of each systemic mastocytosis patientwere taken at the time of obtaining bone marrow and blood samples (Table8). All patients in the systemic mastocytosis study population wereCaucasian. Six patients were KIT D816V positive. At the time of samplecollection, treatments included midostaurin (n=2); cladribine (n=1);corticosteroids (n=1); and three patients were not receiving anybiologic or cytoreductive therapy.

TABLE 8 Systemic Mastocytosis Patient Characteristics at Time ofSampling Serum Patient Age Gender Diagnosis Tryptase MCs % BMMedications Mutations JG01 79 M SM-AHNMD -CMML 96 60-70%    None KITD816V+ JG02 78 M SM-AHNMD -MDS 20  5% Steroids KIT Rituxan D816V+ JG0371 F SM-AHNMD -CMML 96 20% Midostaurin KIT D816V+ JG04 77 F ASM 174 50%Midostaurin KIT- D816V+ JG05 63 F SSM 575 40% None KIT D816V+ JG06 78 FSM-AHNMD -CMML 122 80% None KIT D816V+ JG07 70 M SM-AHNMD -CMML 10920-30%    Cladribine KIT D816V+ Abbreviations: MC = Mast cells; BM =Bone Marrow Aspirates; PB = Peripheral Blood; SM = SystemicMastocytosis; ASM = Aggressive SM; SSM = Smoldering SM; SM-AHNMD = SM -Associated clonal hematologic non-mast cell lineage disease; CMML =chronic myelomonocytic leukemia; MDS = myelodysplastic syndrome.

Anti-coagulated bone marrow aspirate from each systemic mastocytosispatients (JG01-JG05) was cleared of RBC by lysis and the remainingleukocytes were labeled with a cocktail of antibodies directed againstCD117, FcεR1α/IgER, CD45, and Siglec-8 (R&D Systems. Clone: 837535) orCD117, FcεR1α/IgER, and CD25. The samples were evaluated by flowcytometry and Siglec-8 expression on the surface of mast cells wasdetermined. Mast cells in bone marrow were characterized by the presenceof CD117 receptor (CD117⁺) and Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I,receptor alpha polypeptide FcεR1α (IgER⁺). Percentage of CD117+IgER+mast cells was obtained for each patient and these mast cells were gatedfor analysis of Siglec-8 expression (FIG. 1A-E, left panel for eachpatient). The expression of Siglec-8 (FIG. 1A-E, middle panel for eachpatient) and CD25 (FIG. 1A-E, right panel for each patient) wasevaluated compared with matched isotype control antibodies on mast cells(CD117⁺IgER⁺). All bone marrow samples showed detectable CD117+ mastcells. High level of Siglec-8 expression was confirmed on the surface ofall viable mast cells (CD117⁺IgER⁺) (FIG. 1A-E, middle panel for eachpatient). The expression level of Siglec-8 on mast cells from bonemarrow of systemic mastocytosis patients was comparable to or higherthan the expression level of Siglec-8 on mast cells isolated fromprimary human skin (FIG. 2 ). The expression level of Siglec-8 on mastcell immortal cell lines or mast cells differentiated in vitro wassubstantially lower than the expression level of Siglec-8 on primarymast cells isolated directly from human (FIG. 2 ). No difference inSiglec-8 expression was observed between patients receiving differenttherapies or no therapy.

The ability of NK cells from systemic mastocytosis patients to engagenon-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody was evaluated. PBL frompatients with systemic mastocytosis (JG03. JG04, JG05, and JG06) or bonemarrow aspirates from a patient with systemic mastocytosis (JG01) wereincubated with fluorochrome-labeled non-fucosylated humanizedanti-Siglec-8 antibody or isotype-matched antibody at 1 μg/mL andfluorochrome-labeled antibodies against CD16 and CD56. The cells werethen evaluated by FACS. Percentage of NK cells (CD16+CD56+SSClow) inbone marrow or PBL was obtained from each patient tested and these NKcells were gated for analysis of non-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8antibody or isotype-matched antibody binding to NK cells. Percentage ofNK cells (CD16+CD56+SSClow) in bone marrow of patient JG01 was 1.3%. Thepercentage of NK cells (CD16+CD56+SSClow) in PBL of patients JG03, JG04,JG05, and JG06 was 1.7%, 1,4%, 4.3% and 6.0%, respectively. NK cellsfrom systemic mastocytosis patients were engaged by non-fucosylatedhumanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody (FIG. 3A-E).

ADCC activity has been reported to be defective in some cancer patients.See Marcondes et al. PNAS, 2008, 105:2865-2870; Kiladjian et al.,Leukemia, 2006, 20:463-470; Pahl et al., Immunobiology, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.012; and Cheng et al., Cell. Mol. Immunol.,2013, 10:230-252, 2013. It is unclear if systemic mastocytosis patientshave intact ADCC function. To evaluate the ability of non-fucosylatedhumanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody 2) to induce ADCC in systemicmastocytosis patients, an assay was developed using a Siglec-8transfected target cell line, Ramos 2C10 target cell line. The Ramos2C10 target cell line was generated from Ramos cells, a human B-cellline sensitive to ADCC activity. Using peripheral blood leukocytes aseffector cells, 1 μg/mL of non-fuscosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8antibody (Antibody 2) showed potent depletion of the Ramos 2C10 targetcell line when incubated in PBL preparation from systemic mastocytosispatients which is consistent with ADCC-mediated killing. ADCC wasobserved in all five samples tested (FIG. 4A). Titration of increasingamounts of non-fuscosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody (Antibody2) was performed on samples from two patients. Potent ADCC activity wasobserved in samples from patient JG03 and patient JG04, with an EC50 fortarget depletion of 49 ng/mL (FIG. 4B) and 65 ng/mL (FIG. 4C) ofanti-Siglec-8 antibody, respectively.

The ADCC activity of non-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8 antibody onmast cells was evaluated. Mast cells from bone marrow aspirate ofpatient JG01 and patient JG07 were enriched utilizing CD117 targetingmagnetic beads. Enriched mast cells were treated with eitherisotype-matched (isotype) or non-fucosylated humanized anti-Siglec-8antibody (Antibody 2) at a concentration of 1 μg/mL in the presence ofpurified NK effector cells. Significant anti-Siglec-8-mediated ADCCactivity on mast cells was observed using non-autologous NK cells, 69%average reduction (FIG. 5A), or autologous NK cells, 76% averagereduction (FIG. 5B), indicating that non-fucosylated humanizedanti-Siglec-8 antibody has the potential to reduce mast cell burden inthese patients.

SEQUENCES Amino acid sequence of mouse 2E2 heavy chain variable domainQVQLKESGPGLVAPSQSLSITCTVSGFSLTIYGAHWVRQPPGKGLEWLGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRLSISKDNSKSQVFLKINSLQTDDTALYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 1)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHA heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVSVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 2)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHB heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAVSGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWLGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRLSISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 3)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHC heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAVSGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVSVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 4)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHD heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWLSVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 5)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHE heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 6)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHF heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVSVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRLTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHG heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVSVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFSISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 8)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHA2 heavy chain variable domainQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISIYGAHWIRQPPGKGLEWIGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRVTISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 9)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHB2 heavy chain variable domainQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGFSLTIYGAHWVRQPPGKGLEWLGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRLSISKDNSKNQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 10)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHE S-G mutant heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYGMEYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 11)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHE E-D heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMDYWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 12)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHE Y-V heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEVWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RHE triple mutant heavy chain variable domainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 14)Amino acid sequence of mouse 2E2 light chain variable domainQIILTQSPAIMSASPGEKVSITCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGTSPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRMEAEDAATYYCQQRSSYPFTFGSGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 15)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKA light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 16)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKB light chain variable domainEIILTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLWIYSTSNLASGVPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 17)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKC light chain variable domainEILTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 18)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKD light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLWIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 19)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKE light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGVPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 20)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKF light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 21)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKG light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 22)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKA F-Y mutant light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPYTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 23)Amino acid sequence of 2E2 RKF F-Y mutant light chain variable domainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPYTFGPGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: 24)Amino acid sequence of HEKA heavy chain and HEKF heavy chainEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG (SEQ ID NO: 75)Amino acid sequence of HEKA light chainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 76)Amino acid sequence of HEKF light chainEIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYSTSNLASGIPARFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPFTFGPGTKLDIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 77)Amino acid sequence of IgG1 heavy chain constant regionASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG (SEQ ID NO: 78)Amino acid sequence of IgG4 heavy chain constant regionASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLG (SEQ ID NO: 79)Amino acid sequence of Ig kappa light chain constant regionRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 80)Amino acid sequence of murine 2C4 and 2E2 IgG1 heavy chainQVQLKRASGPGLVAPSQSLSITCTVSGFSLTIYGAHWVRQPPGKGLEWLGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRLSISKDNSKSQVFLKINSLQTDDTALYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTSVTVSSAKTTPPSVYPLAPGSAAQTNSMVTLGCLVKGYFPEPVTVTWNSGSLSSGVHTFPAVLESDLYTLSSSVTVPSSPRPSETVTCNVAHPASSTKVDKKIVPRDCGCKPCICTVPEVSSVFIFPPKPKDVLTITLTPKVTCVVVDISKDDPEVQFSWFVDDVEVHTAQTQPREEQFNSTFRSVSELPIMHQDWLNGKEFKCRVNSAAFPAPIEKTISKTKGRPKAPQVYTIPPPKEQMAKDKVSLTCMITDFFPEDITVEWQWNGQPAENYKNTQPIMNTNGSYFVYSKLNVQKSNWEAGNTFTCSVLHEGLHNHHTEKSLSHSPG (SEQ ID NO: 81)Amino acid sequence of murine 2C4 kappa light chainEILTQSPAIMSASPGEKVSITCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGTSPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRMEAEDAATYYCQQRSSYPFTFGSGTKLEIKADAAPTVSIFPPSSEQLTSGGASVVCFLNNFYPKDINVKWKIDGSERQNGVLNSWTDQDSKDSTYSMSSTLTLTKDEYERHNSYTCEATHKTSTSPIVKSFNRNEC (SEQ ID NO: 82)Amino acid sequence of murine 2E2 kappa light chainQIILTQSPAIMSASPGEKVSITCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGTSPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRMEAEDAATYYCQQRSSYPFTFGSGTKLEIKADAAPTVSIFPPSSEQLTSGGASVVCFLNNFYPKDINVKWKIDGSERQNGVLNSWTDQDSKDSTYSMSSTLTLTKDEYERHNSYTCEATHKTSTSPIVKSFNRNEC (SEQ ID NO: 83)Amino acid sequence of chimeric 2C4 and 2E2 IgG1 heavy chainQVQLKRASGPGLVAPSQSLSITCTVSGFSLTIYGAHWVRQPPGKGLEWLGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRLSISKDNSKSQVFLKINSLQTDDTALYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTSVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG (SEQ ID NO: 84)Amino acid sequence of chimeric 2C4 kappa light chainEIILTQSPAIMSASPGEKVSITCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGTSPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRMEAEDAATYYCQQRSSYPFTFGSGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 85)Amino acid sequence of chimeric 2E2 kappa light chainQIILTQSPAIMSASPGEKVSITCSATSSVSYMHWFQQKPGTSPKLWIYSTSNLASGVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRMEAEDAATYYCQQRSSYPFTFGSGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 86)Amino acid sequence of HEKA IgG4 heavy chain (IgG4 contains a S228P mutation)EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLTIYGAHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVIWAGGSTNYNSALMSRFTISKDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDGSSPYYYSMEYWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLG (SEQ ID NO: 87)Amino acid sequence of mouse 1C3 heavy chain variable domain (underlinedresidues comprise CDRs H1 and H2 according to Chothia numbering)EVQVVESGGDLVKSGGSLKLSCAASGFPFSSYAMSWVRQTPDKRLEWVAIISSGGSYTYYSDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMSSLKSEDTAMYYCARHETAQAAWFAYWGQGTLVTVSA (SEQ ID NO: 106)Amino acid sequence of mouse 1H10 heavy chain variable domain (underlinedresidues comprise CDRs H1 and H2 according to Chothia numbering)EVQLQQSGAELVRPGASVKLSCTASGFNIKDYYMYWVKQRPEQGLEWIGRIAPEDGDTEYAPKFQGKATVTADTSSNTAYLHLSSLTSEDTAVYYCTTEGNYYGSSILDYWGQGTTLTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 107)Amino acid sequence of mouse 4F11 heavy chain variable domain (underlinedresidues comprise CDRs H1 and H2 according to Chothia numbering)QVQLQQSGAELVKPGASVKISCKASGYAFRSSWMNWVKQRPGKGLEWIGQIYPGDDYTNYNGKFKGKVTLTADRSSSTAYMQLSSLTSEDSAVYFCARLGPYGPFADWGQGTLVTVSA (SEQ ID NO: 108)Amino acid sequence of mouse 1C3 light chain variable domainQIVLTQSPAIMSASPGEKVTMTCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKSGTSPKRWIYDTSKLAYGVPARFSGSGSGTSYSLTISSMEAEDAATYYCQQWSSNPPTFGGGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 109)Amino acid sequence of mouse 1H10 light chain variable domainDIQMTQTTSSLSASLGDRVTISCRASQDITNYLNWYQQKPDGTVKLLIYFTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYSLTISNLEQEDIATYFCQQGNTLPWTFGGGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 110)Amino acid sequence of mouse 4F11 light chain variable domainQIVLTQSPAIVSASPGEKVTMTCSASSSVSYMYWYQQRPGSSPRLLIYDTSSLASGVPVRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRIESEDAANYYCQQWNSDPYTFGGGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 111)

1. A method for treating or preventing advanced systemic mastocytosis inan individual comprising administering to the individual an effectiveamount of an antibody that binds to human Siglec-8; wherein the antibodycomprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variableregion, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-H1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEO ID NO:61, (ii) HVR-H2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEO ID NO:62, and (iii) HVR-H3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEO ID NO:63; and wherein thelight chain variable region comprises (i) HVR-L1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEO ID NO:64, (ii) HVR-L2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEO ID NO:65, and (iii) HVR-L3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEO ID NO:66.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the advancedsystemic mastocytosis is selected from the group consisting of:aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), mast cell leukemia (MCL), andsystemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic non-mast-celllineage disease (SM-AHNMD).
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein theSM-AHNMD is selected from the group consisting of: SM-myelodysplasticsyndrome (SM-MDS), SM-myeloproliferative neoplasm (SM-MPN), SM-chronicmyelomonocytic leukemia (SM-CMML), SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia(SM-CEL), and SM-acute myeloid leukemia (SM-AML).
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the advanced systemic mastocytosis is associated witheosinophilia.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the advanced systemicmastocytosis is not adequately controlled by cladribine, interferon-α, acorticosteroid, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a combination thereof. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein the individual has a KIT D816V mutation.7-10. (canceled)
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more symptomin the individual with advanced systemic mastocytosis is reduced ascompared to a baseline level before administration of the antibody. 12.The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is diagnosed with advancedsystemic mastocytosis before administration of the antibody. 13-14.(canceled)
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises aheavy chain Fc region comprising a human IgG Fc region.
 16. The methodof claim 15, wherein the human IgG Fc region comprises a human IgG1 orhuman IgG4 Fc region. 17-26. (canceled)
 27. The method of claim 1,wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 28. The method of claim1, wherein the antibody is an IgG1 antibody.
 29. The method of claim 1,wherein the antibody has been engineered to improve antibody-dependentcell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity.
 30. The method of claim 29,wherein the antibody comprises at least one amino acid substitution inthe Fc region that improves ADCC activity.
 31. The method of claim 1,wherein at least one or two of the heavy chains of the antibody isnon-fucosylated.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is ahumanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
 33. (canceled)
 34. The methodof claim 1, wherein the antibody is administered in combination with oneor more additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consistingof: a cytotoxic agent, a cytokine, a growth inhibitory agent, a proteinkinase inhibitor, a corticosteroid, an antibody, or an anti-canceragent. 35-68. (canceled)
 69. The method of claim 1, wherein theindividual is a human.
 70. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibodyis in a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 71-93. (canceled)